Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: SACE is performed for complex aneurysms. There are several configurations of stent placement for bifurcation aneurysms. We investigated hemodynamics among 8 different configurations of stent placement, which may relate to the recanalization rate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We created a silicone block model of a patient-specific asymmetric bifurcation aneurysm. Enterprise closed-cell stents were deployed in the model as various configurations. 3D images of these stents were obtained by micro-CT. We performed CFD simulations for a no-stent model and 8 stent models: a single stent from a proximal vessel to a right or left distal vessel, a horizontal stent, a kissing-Y stent with a uniformly narrowed structure, a nonoverlapping-Y stent, a virtual-Y stent with no narrowed structure (fusion of 2 single stents), and 2 different crossing-Y stents with a focally narrowed structure. Hemodynamic parameters were evaluated.
RESULTS: Cycle-averaged velocity and WSS in the aneurysm were reduced because of stent placement in the following order: single stent (19% reduction in cycle-averaged velocity) < nonoverlapping-Y stent (29%) < virtual-Y stent (32%) < horizontal stent (39%) < kissing-Y stent (48%) < crossing-Y stent (54%). Kissing- and crossing-Y stents redirected impingement flow into the distal vessels because of lowered porosity of stents due to narrowed structures.
CONCLUSIONS: Among 8 different configurations of stent placement, kissing- and crossing-Y stents showed the strongest reduction in flow velocity in the aneurysm because of lowered porosity of stents and redirection of impingement flow. This may be a desirable reconstruction of flow hemodynamics and may decrease recanalization rates in SACE.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CFD
- computational fluid dynamics
- L
- left
- PCA
- posterior cerebral artery
- R
- right
- SACE
- stent-assisted coil embolization
- WSS
- wall shear stress
SACE is widely accepted for endovascular treatment of wide-neck or complex aneurysms. Several recent reports have demonstrated that SACE promotes occlusion of incompletely coiled aneurysms and lowers recanalization rates compared with nonstenting embolization, probably because of the hemodynamic effects of stents.1⇓⇓⇓–5 However, recanalization rates of SACE are 8.1%–17.2%2,4,5; therefore, these rates still need to be improved. In addition, various configurations of stentings have been proposed and performed for bifurcation aneurysms, including a single stent from a proximal to a distal vessel; a waffle-cone stent6; a horizontal stent7⇓–9; a nonoverlapping-Y stent10; a kissing (double-barrel) Y stent, in which both stents are deployed in a parallel fashion11,12; and a crossing-Y stent, in which the second stent is deployed through the interstices of the first stent.12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–18 The differences in hemodynamics among these various configurations of stent placement are unclear, and this may be important for the recanalization rate. In crossing-Y stents, use of double closed-cell stents causes narrowing of the second stent through the interstices of the first stent,17 while using an open-cell stent as the first stent can avoid this effect of narrowing.16 Whether the narrowed structure is beneficial or harmful is unknown. Using micro-CT, we obtained 3D images of various configurations of stent placement in a silicone block model of a bifurcation aneurysm. We performed CFD simulations to clarify differences in hemodynamics among 8 different configurations of stent placement. We also investigated hemodynamics unique to the narrowed structure in the crossing-Y stent with closed-cell stents.
Materials and Methods
Stent Geometry
A rigid silicone block model of a bifurcation aneurysm was created on the basis of an asymmetric basilar tip aneurysm with a maximum diameter of 8 mm in a patient. The diameter of the basilar artery was 2.3 mm. We have previously described detailed methods of creating patient-specific silicone models.19 Briefly, on the basis of the 3D image obtained by a rotational angiogram, a 3D real-scale model of the aneurysm was created with acrylate photopolymer by using a rapid prototyping system (Vision Realizer RVS-G1; Real Vision Systems, Kanagawa, Japan). The aneurysm model was placed in a rectangular solid box, and the box was filled with silicone. After the silicone solidified, the acryl inside the silicone block was removed. The aneurysm and vessels formed a cavity in the silicone model (Fig 1A). We deployed closed-cell stents, 28-mm Enterprise (Cordis Neurovascular, Miami Lakes, Florida), in the silicone model in the following 7 different configurations (Fig 2): a single-stent placement from the basilar artery to the right or left PCA, a nonoverlapping-Y stent,10 a horizontal stent,7⇓–9 a kissing-Y stent (double-stent placement in a parallel fashion),11,12 and 2 different crossing-Y stents with a narrowed structure.13,14,17 In 1 crossing-Y stent, crossing-Y (R to L), the first stent was deployed into the right PCA and the second stent was placed into the left PCA through the interstices of the first stent. The narrowed structure focally lowered the porosity of the stent (Fig 2). In another crossing-Y stent, crossing-Y (L to R), the order of stent placement was the opposite. In the kissing-Y stent, the narrowed structure of both stents was observed in the basilar artery and uniformly lowered porosity was found in both stents (Fig 2).
An example of stent placement in a silicone model and an image of stents by micro-CT are shown. A, Double Enterprise stents are deployed as a crossing-Y stent in a silicone block model of the basilar tip aneurysm. The second stent shows narrowing (arrow) at the interstices of the first stent. B, A 3D image of the stents was obtained by micro-CT. A maximum-intensity-projection image shows a narrowed structure (arrow).
Schematic illustrations of various configurations of stent placement are shown. “No-stent” shows an asymmetric (dashed arrows) bifurcation aneurysm without stents. Single-stent placement into a right or a left distal vessel is shown in the R-stent or L-stent, respectively. The dashed lines show shapes of the deployed stents. “Nonoverlapping-Y ” shows placement of 1 stent from the proximal to the left distal vessel and placement of another stent within the right distal vessel without overlapping of the 2 stents. “Virtual-Y” shows fusion of the R-stent and L-stent, which does not exist in reality because stent struts have to interact with each other. “Horizontal” shows a single stent placement from the right to the left distal vessel. “Kissing-Y” shows double-stent placement into the right and the left distal vessels in a parallel fashion. In a proximal artery, both stents have uniformly narrowed structures (between the dashed arrows), which lower porosity of the stents. In crossing-Y (R to L), the first stent is deployed into the right distal vessel and the second stent is deployed into the left distal vessel through the interstices of the first stent, which causes narrowing and focally lowered porosity of the second stent (solid arrow). “Crossing-Y ” (L to R) shows stent placement in the opposite order, which also causes narrowing and focally lowered porosity of the second stent (solid arrow).
Stents in the silicone model were scanned by micro-CT, by using the TOSCANER-30900μC3 (Toshiba IT & Control Systems, Tokyo, Japan). The resolution of the micro-CT scanner is 5 μm. The images were obtained in the standard triangulated language format. The maximum-intensity-projection image of the crossing-Y stent revealed narrowing of the second stent (Fig 1B). Using an engineering design software, 3-matic (Version 6.1; Materialise n.v., Leuven, Belgium), we constructed 9 models, including the no-stent and 8 different configurations of stents (7 stents plus 1 virtual stent): no-stent, R-stent, L-stent, nonoverlapping-Y, virtual-Y, horizontal, kissing-Y, crossing-Y (R to L), and crossing-Y (L to R) (Fig 2). We created the virtual-Y stent by fusion of 2 single stents, the R-stent and L-stent. The virtual-Y stent did not have a narrowed structure. The virtual-Y stent does not exist in reality because stent struts have to interact with each other. We created this model to compare it with the crossing-Y stent with narrowing to evaluate the hemodynamic effects unique to this narrowing.
We could not obtain a clear 3D aneurysm image from the silicone model with stents by micro-CT because of an unclear boundary surface between the silicone and air. Therefore, we merged the image of the aneurysm obtained by rotational angiography with the image of the stents obtained by micro-CT. The stents slightly overlapped with the wall of the distal portion of the PCAs because of limitations of resolution. We trimmed the overlapped region because we considered that the distal portion of the stent would not significantly alter hemodynamic flow around the aneurysm. We determined the neck orifice by a flat plane, which divided the aneurysm from the parental artery.
CFD Simulations
We performed CFD simulations in a similar manner as we described previously.20,21 The fluid domains were extruded at the inlet to allow fully developed flow and were meshed by using ICEM CFD software (Version 14.0, ANSYS, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania) to create finite-volume tetrahedral elements. The smallest grid size was 0.03 mm. Small meshes were generated near the stent struts, and large meshes were generated far from the stent struts to enhance local resolution while keeping the total number of elements within reasonable bounds. The number of elements in each model ranged from approximately 1.8 million to 2.5 million, which was confirmed to be adequate to calculate the velocity and WSS by creating meshes of finer grid densities. Approximately doubled grid densities showed <3% differences in velocity and WSS in the aneurysm, and grid independence was confirmed. Blood was modeled as a Newtonian fluid with an attenuation of 1056 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 0.0035 kg/m/s. A rigid-wall no-slip boundary condition was implemented at the vessel walls.
We performed pulsatile flow simulations with an implicit solver, CFX (Version 14.0, ANSYS), the accuracy of which had been validated previously.21 For the inlet flow conditions, we used the volumetric flow rate waveform of the basilar artery of healthy subjects given by Gwilliam et al.22 The flow rate was scaled so that cycle-averaged WSS at the parental artery would be 2.5 Pa, because a WSS of 1.5–7 Pa is considered physiologic.23 The mean flow velocity at the basilar artery was approximately 0.3 m/s in all 9 models, which is within physiologic levels.24 Zero pressure was imposed at the outlets. The width of the time-step for calculation was set at 0.005 seconds. Calculations were performed for 3 cardiac cycles, and the result of the last cycle was used for analysis. We examined the following hemodynamic parameters: area-averaged velocity on the neck orifice, volume-averaged velocity in the aneurysm, and area-averaged WSS on the dome.
Results
The width of each strut of the stent obtained by micro-CT was measured. This width was a mean of 0.0752 ± 0.0015 mm (n = 60; 95% confidence interval, 0.0713–0.0790 mm). The accuracy of micro-CT was sufficient because the width of the strut of the Enterprise stent is 0.078 mm.25
Figure 3A shows reconstructed 3D images of vessels with 8 different configurations of stent placement. Although there were concerns about whether 2 stents could sufficiently open in the kissing-Y stent, the cross-section of the image showed good opening of both stents (data not shown). Figure 3B shows the contours of flow velocity on a coronal plane at peak systole. The strongest impingement flow into the aneurysm was observed in the no-stent. The impingement flow was largely disturbed in the horizontal, kissing-Y, and crossing-Y (both R to L and L to R) models. Redirection of the impingement flow into the PCAs was observed in the kissing-Y and crossing-Y models.
A, Reconstructed images of 8 different configurations of stent placement and no-stent are shown. The arrangement of panels is the same as in Fig 2. In the first row, from left to right, no-stent, R-stent, L-stent, nonoverlapping-Y, and virtual-Y models are shown. In the second row, from left to right, horizontal, kissing-Y, crossing-Y (R to L), and crossing-Y (L to R) models are shown. B, Contours of flow velocity on a coronal plane at peak systole are shown in the same arrangement as in A. The strongest jet flow into the aneurysm can be seen in no-stent. The jet flow is largely disturbed in the horizontal, kissing-Y, and crossing-Y models. Redirection of flow into the right or the left distal vessel is observed in the kissing-Y (dashed arrows) and crossing-Y (solid arrows) models.
To quantify these redirection effects, we drew 100 streamlines at diastole from the inlet in each model. The streamlines were classified into 3 groups: those entering the aneurysm and those directly entering the right or left PCA without entering the aneurysm. The number of streamlines in each group was counted (Fig 4A). The R-stent or L-stent showed slight redirection effects into each side compared with the no-stent. While the horizontal stent showed few redirection effects, the kissing-Y and crossing-Y stents showed the largest flow redirection effects. Although measurements based on streamlines are not definitive for evaluating flow-redirection effects, they represent semiquantitative analysis.
A, Evaluation of flow distribution. In each model, 100 streamlines at diastole are drawn from the inlet. The streamlines are classified into 3 groups: those entering the aneurysm (labeled as “aneurysm”) and those directly entering the right or left PCA without entering the aneurysm (labeled as “right” or “left”). The number of streamlines in each group was counted. While the horizontal model shows no flow-redirection effects, the kissing-Y and crossing-Y models show the largest flow redirection effects. B, The mean pore size (area) of stents around the neck orifice in 6 models. The kissing-Y and crossing-Y models have the smallest pore size. Bars show SDs. NA indicates not applicable; ND, not determined.
We speculate that flow-redirection effects depend on the porosity of stents, which varies in each stent configuration. Because it was difficult to measure the porosity of stents owing to skewed stent struts, we measured the mean pore size (area) of stents around the neck orifice responsible for redirection of the impingement flow (Fig 4B). In the crossing-Y stent, we measured the mean pore size of a narrowed stent (ie, the second deployed stent). We did not measure this pore size in the nonoverlapping-Y and virtual-Y stents because these models did not contain narrowed structures and the 2 stents did not interfere with each other. The horizontal stent showed the largest pore size because of swelling of stents across the neck (Fig 3A). The kissing-Y and crossing-Y stents had the smallest pore size (Fig 4B), which was caused by the narrowed structure. In the kissing-Y stent, stent pores were narrowed because 2 stents were deployed in parallel in the parent artery. In the crossing-Y stent, stent pores were narrowed because the second stent was deployed through the closed-cell strut of the first stent. Therefore, we demonstrated that the narrowed structure results in a decrease in the pore size of stents and lowers the porosity of stents, which will redirect the impingement flow into the distal vessels.
To visualize these redirection effects, we selected 4 models: the virtual-Y, horizontal, kissing-Y, and crossing-Y (L to R) (Fig 5). Although all 4 models, except for the virtual-Y, strongly disturbed the impingement flow into the aneurysm, only the kissing-Y and crossing-Y (L to R) redirected impingement flow. The kissing-Y redirected impingement flow into both PCAs because of lowered porosity due to the uniformly narrowed structures of both stents in the basilar artery. The crossing-Y (L to R) also redirected impingement flow into the right PCA because of lowered porosity due to the focally narrowed structure of the second stent through the interstices of the first stent. These results clarify the unique differences between a crossing-Y stent with narrowing (crossing-Y) and a Y-stent without narrowing (virtual-Y). Namely, the narrowed structure produces strong hemodynamic effects by reducing flow velocity in aneurysms. Streamlines and contours of WSS in all 9 models are shown in On-line Figs 1 and 2.
Streamlines colored according to flow velocity at diastole are shown in virtual-Y (A), horizontal (B), kissing-Y (C), and crossing-Y (L to R) stents (D). Stents are transparent so that streamlines can be clearly seen. Horizontal, kissing-Y, and crossing-Y (L to R) models more strongly disturb impingement flow than the virtual-Y model. The kissing-Y model redirects impingement flow into the right and left distal vessels (dashed arrows). The crossing-Y (L to R) model also redirects impingement flow into the right distal vessel (solid arrow).
Figure 6 shows quantitative results of cycle-averaged velocity and WSS of the aneurysm (volume-averaged velocity in the aneurysm, area-averaged velocity on the neck, and area-averaged WSS on the dome). Volume-averaged velocity in the aneurysm was reduced in the models in the following order: a single stent (R-stent or L-stent) (mean, 19%) < nonoverlapping-Y (29%) < virtual-Y (32%) < horizontal (39%) < kissing-Y (48%) < crossing-Y (R to L) or crossing-Y (L to R) (mean, 54%). Most of the reduction in velocity or WSS was observed in the kissing-Y and crossing-Y models. The virtual-Y model showed less reduction in velocity compared with the kissing-Y and crossing-Y models, because the kissing-Y and crossing-Y models redirect impingement flow into the PCAs because of their narrow structures, while the virtual-Y model does not have such an effect because of the lack of a narrow structure. Peak systolic and diastolic hemodynamic values showed the same trends as cycle-averaged values (data not shown).
Relative ratios of area-averaged velocity at the neck orifice (A), volume-averaged velocity in the aneurysm (B), and area-averaged WSS on the dome (C), shown as cycle averages for the 9 models. Most of the reduction in velocity or WSS was observed in the kissing-Y, crossing-Y (R to L), and crossing-Y (L to R) models.
Discussion
Clinical Aspects of Stents
An important issue of coil embolization of aneurysms is how to decrease recanalization rates because recanalization may require retreatment or even cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several recent reports have demonstrated that SACE promotes occlusion of incompletely coiled aneurysms3⇓–5 and significantly lowers recanalization rates compared with those in nonstenting coil embolization (14.9% versus 33.5%,5 8.1% versus 37.5%,4 and 17.2% versus 38.9%2), probably because of the hemodynamic effects of stents. Although thromboembolic complications are a concern of SACE, assessment of antiplatelet activity before treatments decreases these complications.2,5 Chalouhi et al2 recently reported that thromboembolic complications occurred in 6.8% of patients in both the nonstented (n = 147) and stented (n = 88) groups. They also demonstrated that crossing-Y stents showed lower recanalization rates compared with those in a single stent (8.3% versus 19.2%).2 Several reports mainly focusing on crossing-Y stents showed 0%–33.3% recanalization rates.12,13,16,26 Most interesting, only crossing-Y stents using open-cell stents showed recanalization.
Although these previous reports12,13,16,26 consist of a small number of case series, these results are consistent with our conclusions that the narrowed structure of Y-stents using closed-cell stents may decrease recanalization rates by reducing flow velocity in aneurysms.27 With regard to concerns of thromboembolic complications of crossing-Y stents using double closed-cell stents with a narrowed structure, assessment of antiplatelet activity before treatment decreases these complications to acceptable levels, as well as using nonstented coil embolization or SACE with a single stent.14 In clinical practice, in addition to the recanalization rate, properties of open- or closed-cell stents, such as ease of delivery, stability, and vessel wall apposition, should be considered.3
Cekirge et al14 showed that crossing-Y stents by using Enterprise stents without coils can occlude aneurysms, and they considered that the Enterprise stent has stronger hemodynamic effects than an open-cell stent because of its narrow interstices. Our study supports the results of Cekirge et al because we found that a crossing-Y stent with narrowing, the crossing-Y, reduced flow velocity in aneurysms more than a Y-stent without narrowing, the virtual-Y. Therefore, crossing-Y stents by using double closed-cell stents may be superior to open-cell stents for reducing the recanalization rate.
There are 2 other configurations of Y-stent: the nonoverlapping-Y stent10 and the kissing-Y stent.11,12 Nonoverlapping-Y stents are the least effective in reducing the velocity in aneurysms among all configurations of Y-stents. The kissing-Y stent and crossing-Y stent reduce velocity by redirecting impingement flow (Fig 6). Although there are a few reported cases of using kissing-Y stents,11,12 the kissing-Y stent may also reduce recanalization rates and occlude aneurysms without coils as in cases of crossing-Y stents using Enterprise stents.14
Other than Y-stents, single-stent placement, horizontal stent placement,7⇓–9 or waffle-cone-configuration stent placement6 are alternative methods for SACE of bifurcation aneurysms. We did not include a waffle-cone-configuration stent placement in this study. However, this omission does not change our conclusions because waffle-cone-configuration stent placement will not disturb impingement flow and it will probably reduce flow velocity in aneurysms less than in a single-stent placement (ie, R-stent or L-stent). Considering hemodynamic effects, our study demonstrated that the kissing-Y or crossing-Y stent is preferable. In clinical practice, consideration of other issues, such as the technical problems of each configuration of stent placement, selection of stents on the basis of stent properties and profiles, and vascular geometries, should be taken into consideration.3,13,14
Hemodynamics of Stents
Hemodynamics of several configurations of stent placement for aneurysms has been previously studied.28⇓⇓–31 However, most studies compared hemodynamics between nonstenting and stent-placement models, or among different designs of stents or multiple stentings of stent-in-stent configurations. They did not investigate hemodynamic differences among different configurations of stent placement. While we used vascular-specific conformed stent geometry obtained by micro-CT, in most of the previous studies,28,31 stents were virtually conformed to fit into a parent vessel lumen and were deployed across an aneurysm neck. Because the geometry and porosity of stents change by the vascular geometry and the radius of vessels, virtual deployment is not appropriate for reproducing the real geometry of stents deployed in vessels. Our study shows that changes in the porosity of stents are important for hemodynamics due to stent placement. Among the 8 different configurations used in our study, kissing-Y and crossing-Y stents showed the strongest reduction in flow because of the narrowed structures, which lowered the porosity of stents and redirected flow.
A few studies have investigated the flow dynamics of Y-stents.30,31 Cantón et al30 and Babiker et al31 performed in vitro flow studies of crossing-Y stents with double open-cell stents by using particle image velocimetry. They showed that the crossing-Y stent reduced flow velocity in an aneurysm by 11%30 or 22.0%–42.9%.31 Both studies used open-cell stents, and there was no narrowed structure in the Y-stent. Babiker et al31 also performed CFD simulations, but only for single-stent-placement models, which correspond to the L-stent and horizontal stents in our models. In our study, because we created a silicone model and used micro-CT, we were able to obtain 3D images of various configurations of stent placement, including a crossing-Y stent with a narrowed structure, and showed that its narrowed structure has a unique function of redirection of impingement flow into distal vessels.
Most CFD studies on stents for aneurysms, including this study, did not include coils in simulations because of technical difficulties. While flow-diverter stents can be used without coils, high-porosity stents, such as Enterprise stents, are generally used with coils because they usually cannot occlude aneurysms without coils. In this study, our intention was not to show that the Enterprise stent works as a flow diverter or to recommend stent-only therapy, but to demonstrate that the crossing-Y or kissing-Y stent with coils may reduce recanalization rates. In aneurysm treatments, we should first consider a simple strategy, such as coil embolization with no stent or a single stent. In case of complex or recanalized aneurysms, the results in this study may be helpful and the crossing-Y or kissing-Y stent with coils may be considered.
Limitations of the Study
In our CFD study, we simplified several properties, such as the viscoelasticity of the vessel wall and the non-Newtonian property of the blood for technical reasons. Although the main hemodynamic features are thought to be preserved,32 these simplifications may cause differences between the results of CFD simulation and the in vivo state. Specifically, the present CFD study has the following limitations: First, single vascular geometry was examined. Different vascular geometries may cause different CFD results. The aneurysm model is relatively symmetric, and the size of the aneurysm is not large. Some stent configurations may be unnecessary or unrealistic in this model. Second, the geometry of stents slightly changes each time with stent placement, which may lead to different hemodynamic results. Third, we extruded the fluid domain at the inlet to allow fully developed flow, which neglected the shape of the proximal artery. A curvature could lead to a velocity profile that is not parabolic.33 Fourth, we did not include coils in the CFD simulations because of technical difficulties, while we basically assumed SACE in this study. Fifth, the number of elements for the CFD simulations may be insufficient to calculate absolute hemodynamic values, though we consider that they are sufficient to show global flow patterns and compare them among the models.
Despite these 5 limitations, we consider that our conclusions are still valid because a narrow structure is an important factor for redirecting flow, which is maintained in other vascular geometries or slightly different stent geometries in the same configurations. In addition, because our conclusions do not depend on the absolute values of hemodynamic parameters but on comparison among the models, our conclusions are relatively robust. Therefore, we consider that the reduction in flow in aneurysms among the 8 different configurations of stent placement (Fig 6) would not substantially change, even if we took these 5 limitations into consideration.
Conclusions
Among 8 different configurations of stent placement for a bifurcation aneurysm, kissing- and crossing-Y stents show the strongest effects on flow reduction because of their narrowed structures, which lower the porosity of stents and redirect impingement flow into distal vessels. This may be a desirable reconstruction of flow hemodynamics and may decrease the recanalization rate in SACE. Although this study uses only single vascular geometry, these results may be applicable to other shapes of bifurcation aneurysms because narrowed structures do not depend on vascular geometry but on configurations of stent placement instead.
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REFERENCES
- Received October 1, 2012.
- Accepted after revision December 2, 2012.
- © 2013 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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