Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The first part of this study assessed the potential of MDCT with a CTA examination of the aorta and the coronary, cervical, and intracranial vessels in the etiologic work-up of TIA or ischemic stroke compared with established imaging methods. The objective of the second part of this study was to assess the atherosclerotic extent by use of MDCT in these patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 2007 to August 2011, a total of 96 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA without an evident cardioembolic source were enrolled. All patients underwent MDCT. Atherosclerotic extent was classified in 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 atherosclerotic levels according to the number of arterial territories (aortic arch, coronary, cervical, intracranial) affected by atherosclerosis defined as ≥50% cervical, intracranial, or coronary stenosis or ≥4-mm aortic arch plaque.
RESULTS: There were 91 patients who had an interpretable MDCT. Mean age was 67.4 years (± 11 years), and 75 patients (83.3%) were men. The prevalence of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 atherosclerotic levels was 48.3%, 35.2%, 12.1%, 4.4%, and 0%, respectively. Aortic arch atheroma was found in 47.6% of patients with 1 atherosclerotic level. The combination of aortic arch atheroma and cervical stenosis was found in 63.6% of patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels. Patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels were older than patients with < 2 atherosclerotic levels (P = .04) in univariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: MDCT might be useful to assess the extent of atherosclerosis. It could help to screen for high-risk patients who could benefit from a more aggressive preventive strategy.
ABBREVIATION:
- ECG
- electrocardiogram
Assessment of atherosclerosis from the heart to the brain in patients with stroke may allow an optimal selection of high-risk patients who could benefit from a more aggressive preventive strategy. Several studies have evaluated the accuracy of MDCT with CTA examination of the aorta and coronary, cervical, and intracranial vessels to detect atherosclerosis.1⇓⇓⇓–5
The first part of our study was a single-center, prospective, open-pilot study that was designed to assess MDCT with a CTA examination of the aorta and coronary, cervical, and intracranial vessels in the etiologic work-up of TIA and acute ischemic stroke compared with established imaging methods. Clinical and radiologic methods have been described elsewhere.6 In brief, patients 28–90 years old who were admitted to the hospital for a recent TIA or acute ischemic stroke without evident cardioembolic source in the Lyon Stroke Unit between August 1, 2007, and April 30, 2008, were included in this study. The period of inclusion was later extended to August 1, 2011. All patients had an MDCT examination with CTA of the aorta and coronary, cervical, and intracranial vessels compared with transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography, duplex ultrasonography of the cervical vessels, and MRA of the cervical and intracranial vessels. MDCT was not a part of the initial acute stroke assessment but was done within 7 days. We obtained approval from our local ethics committee and institutional review board and informed consent from each patient. It has been demonstrated that MDCT is feasible and accurate for the identification of stroke causes though its sensitivity for the detection of minor cardiac sources is limited.
The objective of the second part of our study was to assess the global atherosclerotic extent by using MDCT in these patients.
Materials and Methods
Research Design
In the second part of our study, we used data collected in the first part of the study.6
Imaging Protocols
We performed contrast-enhanced MDCT by using a Brilliance 40 scanner (Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands), with iomeprol (Iomeron 400; Bracco Diagnostics, Milan, Italy) injected into the right cubital vein with an 18-gauge catheter. The patient was placed in the supine, head-first position. A 2-step protocol was performed: first, electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated aortic and heart acquisitions were performed in the head-to-feet direction, encompassing the aortic and heart area from the top of the aortic arch to the diaphragm. The following parameters were used: 40 detectors, individual detector width of 0.625 mm, retrospective ECG gating, tube voltage of 120 kV, tube current of 300 mAs, pitch of 0.2, and half-rotation reconstruction. Iomeprol 70 mL and then saline solution 60 mL were injected at 4 mL/s. A bolus-tracking method was used with an attenuation threshold of 200 Hounsfield units in the ascending aorta. Reconstruction parameters for the axial sections were a 1.5-mm effective section thickness, 1-mm increments, a reconstruction filter Cardiac B, and an adapted field of view. Retrospective ECG-gated reconstruction was performed at 40% and 75% of the R-R interval. Then, 2 minutes later, a non–ECG-gated acquisition from the aortic arch to the vertex (approximately 50 cm) was performed with the following parameters: feet-to-head direction, section thickness of 1.2 mm, pitch of 1.2, tube voltage of 120 kV, amperage of 300 mAs per section, reconstruction filter B, and the bolus tracker set on the aortic arch with an attenuation threshold at 200 Hounsfield units. Iomeprol 50 mL and then saline solution 60 mL were injected at 4 mL/s, for a total injected contrast material volume of 120 mL. The patient underwent imaging with the arms over the head during the aortic and heart acquisitions and with the arms at the sides during the second acquisition. General guidelines for ECG-gated cardiac MDCT were followed regarding the qualifications of the personnel, radiation dose monitoring, and the safety rules for contrast agent and β-blocker administration.7⇓–9 β-Blockers (esmolol hydrochloride; Brevibloc; Baxter, Deerfield, Illinois) (0.5–1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight) were administered intravenously, if necessary, when the heart rate was higher than 80 beats per minute. CT was performed even in cases of atrial fibrillation. The total radiation dose and the heart rate of each patient during the examination were recorded. The thyroid gland was irradiated once during the acquisition from the aortic arch to the vertex.
Imaging Evaluation
The diagnostic work-up was focused on the following vascular abnormalities by use of MDCT with CTA:
Atherosclerotic lesion of the carotid arteries leading to ≥50% stenosis. The degree of carotid stenosis was measured with the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) criteria.10 A measure (measure 1) was taken of the diameter of the narrowest portion of the cervical ICA in the axial plane. This was compared with the maximal diameter (measure 2) of the cervical ICA distal to the carotid bulb at a location in which the imaging plane was orthogonal to the artery, the arterial walls were parallel, and where there was no arterial disease. The degree of cross-sectional stenosis was calculated in percent as: percent stenosis (1−[measure 1/measure 2]) × 100%, analogous to the method used in NASCET. In cases of poststenotic dilation of the ICA, we used as a denominator for the ratio calculation the diameter of the internal carotid well beyond the bulb, where the walls are parallel. Near-occlusion cases were defined as the presence of notable stenosis of the ICA bulb and distal ICA caliber reduction, compared with 1) expected size, 2) the controlateral ICA, and 3) the ipsilateral external carotid artery). In these cases, we did not do a ratio calculation and arbitrarily assigned as 95% stenosis as established in NASCET.10⇓–12
Atherosclerotic lesion of the vertebral arteries leading to ≥50% stenosis
Aortic arch atheroma of > 4 mm
Intracranial artery stenosis ≥50%
Coronary artery stenosis ≥50%
Atherosclerotic extent was classified in 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 atherosclerotic levels according to the number of arterial territories (aortic, coronary, cervical, intracranial) affected by at least 1 vascular abnormality as we described previously.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation), and categoric variables were expressed as percentages. We compared continuous variables by using the t test or the Mann-Whitney test where appropriate, and categoric variables by using the Pearson χ2 test or the Fisher exact test where appropriate. The associations between atherosclerotic extent (< 2 vs ≥2 atherosclerotic levels) and main vascular risk factors were measured by calculation of adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals by logistic regression analyses.
Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and tobacco. The distribution of arterial disease combinations in patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels was compared by use of the Fisher exact test. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant.
We performed statistical analysis by using STATA, version 11.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas) and R software, version 2.10.1 (http://www.r-project.org/).
Results
Ninety-six patients were included. MDCT with CTA examination of the heart, aorta, and the cervical and intracranial vessels was not done or was not interpretable in 5 patients. The characteristics of the remaining 91 patients are shown in Table 1. Mean age was 67.4 (± 11.0) years, 75 patients (83.3%) were men, 38 (41.1%) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, and 53 (58.9%) were diagnosed with a TIA. The mean radiation dose to the patients was 18.7 (± 5.0) mSv.
Demographic and medical data according to number of atherosclerotic levels in 91 patients
The prevalence of ≥4 mm aortic arch atheroma, ≥50% coronary artery stenosis, ≥50% cervical artery stenosis, and ≥50% intracranial artery stenosis was 23.3%, 14.1%, 23.9%, and 13.6%, respectively (Fig 1).
MDCT images (40 sections) show atherosclerosis of the aortic arch (A), internal carotid artery (B), left middle cerebral artery (C), and circumflex coronary artery (D).
Forty-four patients (48.3%) had no atherosclerotic level. The prevalence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 atherosclerotic levels was 35.2%, 12.1% 4.4%, and 0%, respectively. Demographic and clinical data according to the number of atherosclerotic levels are detailed in Table 2. Results did not differ according to diagnosis (TIA vs ischemic stroke) (P = .75). The number of atherosclerotic levels was not associated with classic vascular risk factors besides age. Patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels were older than patients with < 2 atherosclerotic levels (P = .04). After adjustment for main confounding variables, this association was not found.
Number of atherosclerotic levels and risk factors
Among patients with 1 atherosclerotic level, 47.6% had ≥4 mm aortic arch atheroma, 20.7% had ≥50% coronary artery stenosis, 26.7% had ≥50% cervical artery stenosis, and 26.7% had ≥50% intracranial artery stenosis. Among patients with 2 atherosclerotic levels, 63.6% had both ≥4 mm aortic arch atheroma and ≥50% cervical artery stenosis. Among patients with 3 atherosclerotic levels, 50% had both ≥4 mm aortic arch atheroma and ≥50% cervical and coronary artery stenosis. The distribution of artery disease combinations in patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels was significantly different (P = .022) (Fig 2). Aortic arch atheroma ≥4 mm and ≥50% cervical artery stenosis were most often associated.
Arterial disease combinations in patients with ≥2 atherosclerotic levels.
Discussion
We have shown that 16.5% of patients with stroke or TIA without evident cardioembolic source have ≥2 atherosclerotic levels by use of MDCT. The combination of ≥4-mm aortic arch atheroma and ≥50% cervical stenosis was more often found.
The extent of atherosclerosis is heavier than in a previous study assessing 3 arterial levels (aorta, coronary, and cervical arteries) by use of a CTA protocol in patients with suspicion for TIA or stroke.13 In this previous study, among 79 patients, 26 (33%) had 1 atherosclerotic level, mainly a ≥50% coronary artery stenosis. Only 7 patients (9%) had at least 2 atherosclerotic locations. The enrollment of patients with suspicion of TIA or stroke confirmed in only 60% of cases and the lack of assessment of the intracranial arteries might account for this difference.
The association between aortic and cervical atherosclerosis was not found by MDCT in this previous study (Adraktas et al)13 but has been commonplace in studies using transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in patients with stroke.14⇓–16 A prospective study and a case-control study have shown that aortic plaques were more likely detected in patients with stroke with ≥50% carotid artery stenosis compared with < 50% carotid artery stenosis.14,15 Similar results have been shown with mobile thrombi. This association was also found in a third study.16
The distribution of atherosclerotic disease is in line with previous studies using MDCT in patients with stroke apart from cervical stenosis. Studies have detected ≥50% intracranial artery stenosis in 10% of cases17 and ≥4-mm aortic arch plaques in approximately 20% of cases,4,18 which could have contributed to stroke occurrence. Asymptomatic coronary artery disease has also been detected in 18%–37.5% of cases.18⇓⇓⇓–22 The prevalence of at least 1 ≥50% cervical artery stenosis assessed by MDCT in patients with stroke is not available.
The main limitation of our CT protocol was the required radiation dose. Despite an attempt to lower the dose by decreasing the milliampere-second setting (from 300 mAs per section), the retrospective helical mode we used for cardiac examination led to high radiation exposure.
A MDCT protocol allows assessment of not only the aortic, cervical, and intracranial arteries as a usual etiologic work-up of TIA and stroke but also of the coronary arteries. The rate of cardiac mortality is twice as high as cerebrovascular mortality in patients with stroke.23,24 Detection of asymptomatic coronary artery stenosis could lead to optimized preventive strategies. Indeed, some anatomic patterns of coronary artery disease such as significant left main stenosis or multivessel disease are strong indications for revascularization.25
Conclusions
According to the 2 parts of our study, MDCT might be used simultaneously for the etiologic work-up of TIA and ischemic stroke and for assessment of the extent of atherosclerosis. It could help to screen for high-risk patients who could benefit from more aggressive preventive strategies. More research is needed to assess whether the extent of atherosclerosis is associated with classic vascular risk factors and whether it could be an independent prognostic factor regarding vascular outcome in patients with stroke.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Philippe Charles Douek—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Genfit; Grants/Grants Pending: ANR*; Patents (planned, pending or issued): MR micro antenna (2002) not related to the work; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Philips, Comments: workshop on cardiac CT (image processing software in demonstration during workshop); Travel/Accommodations/Meeting Expenses Unrelated to Activities Listed: Philips, Comments: Funding for travel to Radiological Society of North America 2012. *Money paid to institution.
This work was supported by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.
Abstract previously presented at: 17th French Neurovascular Society meeting, European Stroke Conference 2012.
REFERENCES
- Received February 21, 2013.
- Accepted after revision April 25, 2013.
- © 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.