Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: 3D FSE T1WI has recently been used for carotid plaque imaging, given the potential advantages in contrast and spatial resolutions. However, its diagnostic performance remains unclear. Hence, we compared the ability of this technique to readily assess plaque characteristics with that of conventional images and validated the results with histologic classification.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively examined 34 patients with carotid stenosis who underwent carotid endarterectomy by using 1.5T scanners and obtained 3D-FSE T1WI and 2D spin-echo T1WI scans. After generating reformatted images obtained from the 3D-FSE T1-weighted images, we calculated the contrast ratios for the plaques and the adjacent muscles and compared these findings with the pathologic classifications.
RESULTS: Carotid plaques were histologically classified as types VII, VIII, IV–V, or VI. With 3D-FSE T1WI, the range of contrast ratios for each classification was the following: 0.94–0.97 (median, 0.95), 0.95–1.29 (median, 1.10), 1.33–1.54 (median, 1.42), and 1.53–2.12 (median, 1.80), respectively. With 2D imaging, the range of contrast ratios for each classification was the following: 0.79–1.02 (median, 0.90), 0.88–1.19 (median, 1.01), 1.17–1.46 (median, 1.23), and 1.55–2.51 (median, 2.07), respectively. Results were significantly different among the 4 groups (P < .001). Sensitivity and specificity for discriminating vulnerable plaques (IV–VI) from stable plaques (VII, VIII) were both 100% for the 3D technique and 100% and 91%, respectively, for the 2D technique.
CONCLUSIONS: 3D-FSE T1WI accurately characterizes intraplaque components of the carotid artery, with excellent sensitivity and specificity compared with those of 2D-T1WI.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CR
- contrast ratio
- SE
- spin-echo
Cervical carotid stenosis is an important cause of cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack. Carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stent placement is performed to prevent future stroke events but may also cause embolic complications during the surgery, especially if the plaque contains substantial vulnerable components such as intraplaque hemorrhage or lipid.1,2 Therefore, establishing a method for characterizing intraplaque components is an important prerequisite for predicting perisurgical complications.
Several modalities have been used for plaque characterization, including ultrasonography and MR imaging. Although ultrasonography is widely used, the interpretation is typically subjective and may be impossible in the presence of extensive calcification or a high-positioned carotid bifurcation. Although gray-scale median and integrated backscatter have been introduced as quantitative metrics, previous reports suggest that they are unsuitable for evaluating intraplaque components.3,4 MR plaque imaging is another popular method for assessing plaque characteristics. Although various imaging techniques have been used, a 2D spin-echo (SE) T1WI technique with appropriate scanning parameters has been reported to accurately quantify intraplaque components, compared with other conventional techniques.5⇓⇓–8 Recently, a 3D T1WI FSE technique has been adopted for this purpose because it can minimize partial volume effects and motion artifacts, as well as enhance black-blood effects, while maintaining T1WI contrast. However, whether the 3D-FSE technique can more accurately discriminate among intraplaque components than the more conventional techniques, such as 2D-SE T1WI, remains unknown. Hence, in the present study, we investigated whether the diagnostic accuracy of 3D-FSE T1WI, in terms of carotid plaque characterization, is comparable with that of 2D-SE T1WI, by using pathologic specimens excised from carotid endarterectomy as our validation standards.
Materials and Methods
Patients
From July 2012 to December 2013, we prospectively examined 34 consecutive patients (age range, 58–79 years [mean, 70.4 years]; 31 men and 3 women) with substantial stenosis of the cervical internal carotid artery, all of whom underwent carotid endarterectomy. Of these patients, 26 had symptomatic stenosis of 50%–95%, according to the method of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial,9 and 8 had asymptomatic stenosis of 70%–90%. The clinical profiles of the patients included hypertension (n = 28), hyperlipidemia (n = 27), and diabetes mellitus (n = 11). The institutional review board approved the study protocol, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Imaging Protocol
Presurgery sagittal 3D-T1WI of the bilateral carotid bifurcation was performed by using a 1.5T MR imaging scanner (Signa HDxt; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) with an 8-channel neurovascular coil. The pulse sequence parameters were as follows: flow-sensitized 3D-FSE with variable flip angles; TR/TE, 500/18.3 ms; echo-train length, 24; b-value of the flow-sensitized gradients along 3 axes, 2.2 s/mm2; FOV, 25 × 19 cm2; matrix size, 512 × 512 (after zero-fill interpolation); section interval, 0.5 mm (after zero-fill interpolation); partitions, 248; voxel size, 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3; parallel imaging factor, 2; NEX, 1; fat suppression, chemical shift selective suppression; and acquisition time, 3 minutes 54 seconds. Motion-sensitized gradients of 2.2 s/mm2 were used as the black-blood technique.
In addition, axial 2D-T1WI of the affected carotid bifurcation was performed by using a 1.5T MR imaging scanner (Echelon Vega; Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with an 8-channel neurovascular coil. The section direction was carefully set in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the carotid bifurcation by using sagittal 2D phase-contrast MR angiographic imaging. The pulse sequence parameters were as follows: conventional SE with a radial k-space acquisition technique with self-navigation, which is similar to the periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction method10; TR/TE, 500/12 ms; FOV, 18 cm; matrix size, 512 × 512 (after zero-fill interpolation); NEX, 2; section thickness, 4.0 mm with intersection gaps of 1.0 mm; number of sections, 9; fat suppression, chemical shift selective suppression; and acquisition time, 6 minutes 46 seconds. Nonselective saturation pulses were used as the black-blood technique.
Histologic Preparation
Specimens were excised en bloc from the affected carotid arteries and submitted for histologic evaluation. The specimens were fixed in formaldehyde, and transverse sections of the carotid bifurcations were carefully cut to correspond in direction and position to the 2D-MR images. During histologic preparation, hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, and anti-Glycophorin-A stains were applied to paraffin-embedded, 7-μm-thick sections. The sections of carotid plaque were classified into 6 types, according to the modified American Heart Association classification (Table 1).11
Histologic classification of plaque specimens excised by carotid endarterectomy
Data Processing and Statistical Analyses
After using the 3D-FSE images to generate reformatted axial images that corresponded to the 2D-SE images, we measured the signal intensity of the carotid plaque and the adjacent sternomastoid muscle by using the image with the largest plaque size. The images were randomized, and a blinded author (S.N.) manually traced the plaque and muscle 3 times, by using the polygon cursor of a free software package (zioTerm 2009; Ziosoft, Tokyo, Japan). The resulting signal intensity values were averaged, and the contrast ratio (CR) was calculated by dividing the average signal intensity of the plaque by that of the muscle.
Differences in the CRs of plaques among the various histologic types were examined by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the post hoc Mann-Whitney test. Differences between the 3D-FSE and 2D-SE techniques and those between the asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were examined by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney test, respectively. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ability of the techniques to differentiate plaques containing substantial vulnerable components from those containing stable components. Vulnerable components were defined as lipid, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage (IV–V, VI), while stable components were defined as calcification and fibrous tissue (I–II, III, VII, VIII). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was also performed to evaluate the abilities of the techniques to differentiate hemorrhagic complex plaques (VI) from other plaques. Cutoff values were determined by using the Youden index, and differences in the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were examined by using the DeLong test. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to evaluate intraoperator agreements for the manual measurements. The α level used was .05.
Results
Three patients were excluded because their carotid endarterectomy was postponed for >3 months after their MR imaging examinations. The remaining 31 patients were considered eligible for further quantitative analyses. Patient characteristics are as follows: age, ranging from 58 to 79 years (mean, 70.8 years); 28 men and 3 women; and interval between MR imaging and carotid endarterectomy, ranging from 1 to 82 days (median, 28 days). The number and type of carotid plaques, as determined by histopathologic examination, are shown in Table 1. Ischemic stroke events during the surgery occurred in the 2 symptomatic patients with carotid plaque type VI.
With 3D-FSE T1WI, the CR range and median values of the plaques that were histologically confirmed as types VII, VIII, IV–V, and VI were 0.94–0.97 (0.95), 0.95–1.29 (1.10), 1.33–1.54 (1.42), and 1.53–2.12 (1.80), respectively. The CR range and median value by using 2D-SE T1WI were 0.79–1.02 (0.90), 0.88–1.19 (1.01), 1.17–1.46 (1.23), and 1.55–2.51 (2.07), respectively. These values were significantly different among the groups, by using both the 3D-FSE and 2D-SE images (P < .001, Kruskal-Wallis test; Table 2 and Fig 1). Among the CRs of carotid plaques with various compositions, there were significant differences among all combinations of types VIII, IV-V, and VI, which tended to show isointensity to the muscle, mild hyperintensity, and marked hyperintensity, respectively, on both the 3D-FSE and 2D-SE images (P < .01, post hoc Mann-Whitney test; Figs 1 and 2). The CRs of types IV–V plaques on the 3D images were significantly higher than those on the 2D images (P = .028, Wilcoxon signed rank test), while the CRs of the type VI plaques on the 3D images were significantly lower than those on the 2D images (P = .013, Wilcoxon signed rank test; Table 1). Furthermore, the CRs of the plaques in the symptomatic patients were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic patients both on the 3D images (0.94–2.12 [median, 1.54] and 0.95–1.33 [median, 1.17], respectively; P = .004, Mann-Whitney test) and on the 2D images (0.79–2.51 [median, 1.56] and 1.01–1.17 [median, 1.11], respectively; P = .023, Mann-Whitney test).
Contrast ratios of various carotid plaques on T1-weighted images using 3D FSE and 2D-SE techniquesa
Contrast ratios of carotid plaques with various compositions, by using 3D-FSE and 2D-SE T1WI. Contrast ratios of type VI plaques (characterized according to the modified American Heart Association criteria) are significantly higher than those of other plaque types, by using both 3D-FSE and 2D-SE images. In addition, CRs of type IV–V plaques are significantly higher than those of types VII and VIII and are significantly higher on 3D-FSE images than on 2D-FSE images. Sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between vulnerable plaques (IV–V and VI) and stable plaques (VII and VIII) were both 100%, by using the 3D-FSE images, and 100% and 91%, respectively, by using the 2D-SE images. Red circles indicate symptomatic patients; blue circles, asymptomatic patients; and arrows, patients showing ischemic events during surgery.
Imaging findings of the carotid plaques by using 3D-FSE and 2D-SE T1WI. A–C, 3D-FSE T1WI. D–F, 2D-SE T1WI. G–I, Histologic specimens. AG indicates anti-Glycophorin-A staining; HE, hematoxylin-eosin staining; MT, Masson trichrome staining. G and H, 2× magnification; I, 1.5× magnification.
A 74-year-old man with symptomatic left carotid stenosis (A, D, and G). The carotid plaque is isointense to the adjacent muscles on both 3D-FSE and 2D-SE T1WI (arrows, A and D), with CRs of 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. Histologic findings show that the plaque was primarily composed of fibrous tissue with minimal calcification, which is therefore classified as type VIII (arrows, G).
A 69-year-old man with symptomatic right carotid stenosis (B, E, and H). The plaque shows moderate hyperintensity on the 3D-FSE image (arrow, B) and only subtle hyperintensity on the 2D-SE image (arrow, E), with CRs of 1.52 and 1.27, respectively. Histologic findings show a lipid-rich plaque consisting of foamy cells (arrowheads, H) with a thick fibrous cap (arrow, H), which is therefore classified as types IV–V.
A 72-year-old man with symptomatic right carotid stenosis (C, F, and I). The plaque shows evident hyperintensity on both the 3D-FSE and 2D-SE images (arrows, C and F), with CRs of 1.93 and 2.23, respectively. Histologic findings show massive hemorrhage (arrowheads, I) with a partially ruptured thin fibrous cap (arrow, I), which is therefore classified as type VI.
Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the 3D-FSE images were 1.000 (95% CI, 0.888–1.000), and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the 2D-SE images were 0.991 (95% CI, 0.871–1.000), indicating that both could discriminate between vulnerable plaques (types IV–V and VI) and stable plaques (types VII and VIII). No significant difference was detected between the 2 techniques (P = .41, DeLong test). The sensitivities and specificities were both 100% for the 3D images (cutoff value, 1.30) and 100% and 91%, respectively, for the 2D images (cutoff value, 1.17; Fig 1). Furthermore, in discriminating complex plaques (type VI) from other plaques, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the 3D and 2D images were 0.996 (95% CI, 0.880–1.000) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.888–1.000), respectively, with no significant difference between the 2 techniques (P = .48, DeLong test). The sensitivities and specificities were 100% and 94%, respectively, for the 3D images (cutoff value, 1.52), and 100% sensitivity and specificity was determined for the 2D images (cutoff value, 1.55; Fig 1).
The intraclass correlation coefficient value for the measurements of the plaque CRs was 0.997, indicating excellent intraoperator agreements.
Discussion
Unstable carotid plaques comprise lipid-rich, necrotic, and/or intraplaque hemorrhage materials, enclosed by a thin fibrous cap, which is prone to rupture and subsequently releases embolic materials into the distal blood flow. As a result, unstable plaques cause more ischemic stroke events than stable plaques, which consist mainly of fibrous tissue and/or calcification.12,13 Unstable plaques are also thought to be one of the risk factors for embolic complications during carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting.1,2 Therefore, accurate characterization of intraplaque components can help predict stroke events and complications during surgery. In this study, we successfully demonstrated that the 3D-FSE T1WI technique can readily discriminate among histologic subtypes of carotid plaques and can differentiate unstable plaques from stable ones, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. These results were comparable with those obtained by using the 2D-SE T1WI technique.
In general, unstable carotid plaques tend to show hyperintensity on T1WI.5,6,14⇓⇓–17 However, various imaging techniques have been applied to T1WI, with varying results, including conventional 2D-SE/FSE,5,8 cardiac-gated multiple inversion-recovery black-blood 2D-FSE,6 MPRAGE,16,18,19 and source images of 3D time-of-flight MR angiography.15,20,21 A recent study performing direct comparisons among these techniques found that 2D-SE imaging could more readily discriminate among fibrous, lipid-rich, necrotic, and hemorrhagic plaques because the T1 contrast can be maximized and stabilized under the appropriate scanning parameter settings.7 In addition, the 2D-SE T1WI could accurately estimate intraplaque composition and could monitor temporal changes during medical treatment.22,23 However, the 2D-SE technique is also prone to various technical limitations, such as substantial partial volume effects, susceptibility to motion artifacts, and prolonged acquisition time. The 3D-FSE technique has been introduced recently for plaque imaging and can theoretically overcome these limitations, while still maintaining appropriate T1 contrast.
In the present study, the 3D-FSE T1WI technique could accurately discriminate among histologically validated plaque types and could also differentiate the vulnerable plaques (types IV–V and VI) from the stable plaques (types VII and VIII) with excellent sensitivity and specificity. In particular, the CRs of lipid-rich/necrotic plaques (types IV–V) on 3D-FSE images were significantly higher than those on 2D-SE images obtained with the identical TR. The contrast improvement of the lipid/necrotic plaques by using the 3D-FSE technique is thought to be caused by a shortened longitudinal recovery time after the last echo. This augments T1-related contrast, allowing detection of vulnerable plaques that might otherwise have been overlooked. In contrast, the CRs of hemorrhagic plaques (type VI) on 3D-FSE images were significantly lower than those on 2D-SE images, resulting in less accuracy in differentiating hemorrhagic plaques from other plaques, presumably due to the inherent T2 dependency of the 3D-FSE technique caused by its prolonged effective TE. However, this result appears to hardly affect discrimination between unstable and stable plaques because the CRs of hemorrhagic plaques remained remarkably higher than those of stable plaques.
This study includes several limitations. First, although the 3D-FSE technique provides potential advantages in terms of partial volume effects, motion artifacts, and multidirectional capability, we did not directly compare these issues between the 2 techniques because our aim was to determine whether 3D-FSE had better contrast for use in plaque characterization than 2D-SE imaging. In general, 3D techniques are suitable for assessment of carotid plaques because the carotid artery is tortuous and pulsatile and the plaques are typically small, complex in shape and composition, and elongated in the superoinferior direction. Hence, 2D imaging is not ideal for visualizing carotid plaque characteristics in detail, given their limited section direction, thickness, and coverage, as well as their susceptibility to motion artifacts. 3D imaging, including 3D-FSE T1WI, might be able to overcome these limitations. Second, we examined CRs of the plaques by using only the section with the maximum plaque size. In this study, we had to abandon the idea of evaluating the whole plaque because only a single section was available for direct comparisons among the 3D images, 2D images, and corresponding histologic sections due to partial volume effects of the 2D images and difficulties in histologic preparation for the appropriate sections. Evaluation of the entire plaque may further improve the diagnostic performance, particularly for the 3D-FSE technique. Third, we could not simultaneously obtain the 3D-FSE and 2D-SE images by using the same scanner because these advanced sequences were implemented in distinct scanners. Hence, the images used for the comparisons may not have been obtained under identical conditions, which might have affected our results, though the intervals between the scans were 2–7 days in almost all patients. Fourth, we did not perform automated analyses that we reported previously,23 because appropriate cutoff values for differentiating plaque types on the 3D-FSE images were not known, though they were eventually elucidated in this study.
Conclusions
3D-FSE T1WI can accurately characterize carotid plaque composition mainly due to contrast improvement of the lipid-rich plaques and can differentiate vulnerable plaques from stable plaques with excellent sensitivity and specificity, being comparable with 2D-SE T1WI.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Shinsuke Narumi—RELATED: Grant: Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (25861122) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. Makoto Sasaki—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: Hitachi Medical; UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: Hitachi Medical*; Japanese Ministry Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Payment for Lectures (including service on Speakers Bureaus): Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Sanofi, Tanabe, Johnson & Johnson, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Kowa, Fuji Film, GE Healthcare. *Money paid to the institution.
This work was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Strategic Medical Science Research (S1491001, 2014–2018) and for Scientific Research (25861122) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
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REFERENCES
- Received August 4, 2014.
- Accepted after revision October 2, 2014.
- © 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
