Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nodular goiter is one of the most common benign lesions in thyroid nodule. The main treatment of the disease is still the traditional surgical resection, however there are many problems such as general anesthesia, surgical scar, postoperative thyroid or parathyroid function abnormalities, and high nodules recurrence rate in residual gland. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of 2 treatment methods, surgery and radiofrequency ablation, for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2012 to September 2013, 200 patients with nodular goiters who underwent surgery (group A) and 200 patients treated by radiofrequency ablation (group B) were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were the following: 1) cosmetic problem, 2) nodule-related symptoms, 3) hyperfunctioning nodules related to thyrotoxicosis, and 4) refusal of surgery (for group B). An internally cooled radiofrequency ablation system and an 18-ga internally cooled electrode were used. We compared the 2 groups in terms of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness during a 1-year follow-up.
RESULTS: After radiofrequency ablation, the nodule volume decreased significantly from 5.4 to 0.4 mL (P = .002) at the 12-month follow-up. The incidence of complications was significantly higher from surgery than from radiofrequency ablation (6.0% versus 1.0%, P = .002). Hypothyroidism was detected in 71.5% of patients after surgery but in none following radiofrequency ablation. The rate of residual nodules (11.9% versus 2.9%, P = .004) and hospitalization days was significantly greater after surgery (6.6 versus 2.1 days, P < .001), but the cost difference was not significant.
CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation are both effective treatments of nodular goiter. Compared with surgery, the advantages of radiofrequency ablation include fewer complications, preservation of thyroid function, and fewer hospitalization days. Therefore, radiofrequency ablation should be considered a first-line treatment for benign thyroid nodules.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- RFA
- radiofrequency ablation
- US
- ultrasound
The incidence of nodular goiter has been gradually increasing in recent years, but its treatment has been controversial to date.1,2 Current guidelines suggest that a nodule without clinical symptoms should be treated with watchful waiting; however, some patients require treatment because of cosmetic problems or symptoms. Some investigators also believe that even if the incidence of malignancy rate is as low as 5%–15%, malignancy is still a concern. Thus, surgery has been advocated by some clinicians, but after resection of the nodules, patients often have neck scars or hypothyroidism, which seriously affects their quality of life.3,4 Additional issues include the risks of general anesthesia and postoperative parathyroid function abnormalities.1⇓–3,5 Therefore, minimally invasive alternatives have been explored. Ethanol ablation, laser ablation, microwave ablation, and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are safe and effective techniques for the treatment of nodular goiter.6⇓–8 Ethanol ablation is useful in cystic nodules but not in solid nodules. Laser ablation, microwave ablation, and RFA are useful in different-sized nodules, respectively.9
Since Dupuy et al10 first pioneered the application of radiofrequency ablation to treat recurrent thyroid cancers, RFA has been widely used for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules, goiters, and recurrent thyroid cancers.11⇓⇓⇓–15 Recently, many studies including long-term follow-up studies,16 randomized controlled trials,6,17 and a meta-analysis18 have promulgated the efficacy and safety of RFA. To date, however, only 1 study has compared surgery and RFA,13 and it enrolled a relatively small population of 37 patients treated with RFA and 74 patients treated with surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of 2 treatment methods, surgery and RFA, in a large population treated for benign thyroid nodules.
Materials and Methods
Patients
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, and informed consent was obtained from all patients before surgery or RFA. From May 2012 to September 2013, 200 patients with nodular goiter who underwent surgery (group A) and 200 patients treated with sonography (US)-guided RFA (group B) were enrolled in this study. The surgery group was diagnosed as having a nodular goiter by surgical pathology, and the RFA group was diagnosed cytologically from 2 preoperative fine-needle aspirates.19,20 All the enrolled patients fulfilled the following criteria according to the RFA recommendations of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology21: 1) having a cosmetic problem, 2) having nodule-related symptoms, 3) having hyperfunctioning nodules related to thyrotoxicosis, and 4) having refused surgery. Patients without complete surgical and/or follow-up information were excluded.
Devices and Procedures
We used a HI VISION Preirus system (Hitachi Medical System, Tokyo, Japan) with a 10-MHz linear probe, internally cooled RFA system (VIVA RF generator; STARmed, Gyeonggi, Korea) with an 18-ga internally cooled electrode (VIVA; STARmed) during the US, US-guided biopsy, and RFA. Laboratory examinations included preoperative thyroid function and coagulation tests. US examination evaluated the location, size, and vascularity of the nodules to design the treatment plan. The patients in group A underwent surgery under general anesthesia. Surgery was performed by general surgeons with >8 years' clinical experience. The surgery methods included total thyroidectomy and lobectomy according to the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.22
In group B patients, local anesthetic with 2% lidocaine was used to control pain. RFA was performed by 1 radiologist (Y.C. with 7 years' clinical experience and 2 years' RFA experience) by using previously described standard RFA techniques such as transisthmic approach methods and a “moving-shot” technique.14,21,23 The procedure was finished when an entire nodule changed to a no-enhancement zone by real-time US examination with contrast (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles for injection, SonoVue; Bracco Suisse SA, Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland). The 2 groups of patients underwent a US check at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. In group A, an examination of thyroid function was performed to adjust the optimal dosage of levothyroxine (Euthyrox) 1 month after the thyroid resection. In group B, thyroid function was examined 1 week after RFA. If any functional anomalies were demonstrated, thyroid function was evaluated every month until normalization.
Surgical complications were monitored immediately after thyroid surgery and during the follow-up period.4 The complications of RFA were checked during and after treatment according to the definitions of the Society of Interventional Radiology.24,25 The changes in nodule volumes were evaluated before and during the follow-up periods. “Residual” was defined as a certain part of single or multiple nodules that is not completely inactivated. The residual rate was defined as the rate of the number of people who had residual goiter divided by the total number. Recurrence was defined as the regrowth of thyroid tissue after treatment according to the definition of a previous study.16 The cost was the total of hospitalization, clinical tests, and surgery costs.
Statistical Methods
SPSS (Version 11.5; IBM, Armonk, New York) statistical software was used to analyze the data. Data measurements were expressed as mean ± SD and range. Comparison of the 2 groups was done by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The threshold for statistically significant differences was defined as P < .05.
Results
Table 1 summarizes a comparison of demographic data of the 2 groups. No demographic data differed significantly between the 2 groups before treatment, including the mean patient age, sex, nodule size, or nodule numbers.
Demographic characteristics of the experimental subjects
Efficacy
Changes in nodule volume and percentage volume reduction before and after RFA are shown in Table 2, and a representative RFA patient case is described in the Figure. The mean volume of the index nodules was 5.4 ± 7.1 mL (range, 0.3–47.1 mL). The nodule volume at 12-month follow-up had decreased significantly from 5.4 ± 7.1 mL to 0.4 ± 0.7 mL (P = .002), and the percentage volume reduction was 84.8 ± 17.1% (range, 61.3%–100%). Table 3 shows the results and complications of the 2 groups. The residual rate in the surgery group was significantly higher than that in the RFA group (11.9% versus 2.9%, P = .004).
Changes in nodule volume and percentage volume reduction before and after RFA
Overall comparison of surgery versus RFA
A 50-year-old woman with left-neck discomfort. A, Before treatment, a 3-cm solid, left thyroid nodule is evident. B, During the RF ablation, the electrode (arrows) is placed within the nodule. C, Six months after RF ablation, the treated nodule (arrows) has decreased considerably in size and measures only 8 mm.
Safety
The number of patients with complications in the 2 groups is described in Table 4. The overall complication rate in the surgery group was significantly higher than that of the RFA group (6% versus 1%, P = .002). Transient hoarseness was reported in 3 patients after surgery versus 1 patient after RFA, but they recovered completely during the follow-up of 1–3 months. Two patients with a permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were reported only in the surgery group. Six patients with transient hypoparathyroidism were reported in the surgery group and recovered in 3–7 days after surgery. Nodule rupture was reported in 1 patient 1 week after RFA; however, he recovered without any treatment within 2 weeks.
Complications observed following surgery versus RFAa
Regarding thyroid function and medication, the surgery group showed a significantly higher postoperative medication rate than the RFA group (71.5% versus 0%, P = .002). In the surgery group, 71.5% of patients showed postoperative hypothyroidism that required daily supplemental exogenous thyroid hormone (Euthyrox). Approximately 42% of those patients needed 50 μg/day of hormone, 4% needed 75 μg/day, and 25.5% needed 100 μg/day. In the RFA group, 93% of patients had normal levels of T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Only 7% of patients showed a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone without an elevation in T3 or T4 while also having no hyperthyroid symptoms. The patients recovered spontaneously from these conditions by their 1-month follow-up.
Cost Effectiveness
The mean hospitalization stay was significantly longer in the surgery group (6.6 ± 1.6 days versus 2.1 ± 0.9 days, P = .00). The total cost between the 2 groups was not significantly different (P = .99); the cost of surgery was ¥15,962 ± ¥1073 (Chinese yuan) ($2556.95 ± $171.88) and that of RFA was ¥16,535 ± ¥2309 ($2648.74 ± $369.88).
Discussion
Our large-population study comparing surgery and RFA for the management of benign thyroid nodules demonstrated that RFA effectively decreases thyroid nodule volume (84.8% volume reduction at 1-year follow-up), and the recurrence rate after RFA treatment was similar to that of surgery. The complication rate was significantly lower after RFA than following surgery (6% versus 1%, P = .002). In addition, thyroid function after RFA treatment is well-maintained but is decreased in 71.5% of patients after surgery. The cost of RFA was found to be similar to that of surgery, and clinical recovery was faster and easier on the patient; additionally, no external scar was present.
RFA of benign thyroid nodules had a demonstrated efficacy and safety in previous studies,16,26,27 and the volume reduction reported is approximately 84%–90% at 1-year follow-up.14,16,28 We observed a similar volume reduction of 84.8% in our study. Because of the complexity of the thyroid and neck anatomy, surgery has a high incidence of complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hypoparathyroidism, and hypothyroidism3,4,29,30; however, the complication rate reported for RFA was low in the study by Baek et al,25 a 3.3% complication rate with thyroid RFA in their multicenter study. In our current study, the RFA complication rate was found to be lower than that of surgery. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 3.0% of our surgery group versus 0.5% for our RFA group. RFA can minimize the nerve injury rate because real-time US imaging allows the radiologist to monitor the dangerous triangle in which the recurrent laryngeal nerve is located,25,31 and hydrodissection has been introduced as a safe technique to prevent thermal damage to the nerve.32,33 The rate of hypoparathyroidism was 3.0% in our surgery group but was totally absent from our RFA group. This difference is caused by the varied position of the parathyroid gland and low resolution during the operation. During RFA, parathyroid injury has not yet been reported. Hematoma was also reported only in our surgery group. Baek et al25 reported that approximately 1% of patients developed a hematoma in their large-population multicenter study. During RFA, a hemorrhage can be detected by real-time US and easily controlled by manual compression. Hypothyroidism affected 71.5% of our surgery group but none of our patients undergoing RFA. Baek et al25 reported only 0.07% (1/1459) hypothyroidism after thyroid RFA. Hypothyroidism is a rare complication in thyroid RFA because RFA minimizes the chance of injury to the normal thyroid. In our RFA group, 1 patient initially experienced thyroid nodule rupture 1 week after the RFA, but this complication resolved spontaneously in 2 weeks without the need for taking antibiotics. Previous studies suggest that patients with nodule rupture should be treated conservatively rather than with an intervention.25 Our results demonstrate a lower complication rate for RFA than for surgery, which is similar to the findings of Bernardi et al.13
In nodular goiter, most of the nodules arise in multiples. Therefore, resection of a large volume of the normal glandular tissue is the main cause of hypothyroidism. In our present study, 71.5% of patients showed a decreased level of serum thyroid hormone after surgery, which requires life-long exogenous thyroid hormone replacement therapy. By its nature, surgery removes the goiters and some surrounding normal thyroid tissue; however, RFA only ablates the goiter and spares most normal tissue. Therefore, thyroid function is better protected by an RFA approach.
Compared with the results of Bernardi et al,13 our current study shows the advantages of RFA in a large population. We also analyzed the detailed comparison of 2 procedures in terms of the duration of the hospital stay, residual disease, and the recurrence rate, in addition to complications and thyroid function. In our analyses, the mean hospitalization days were significantly fewer in the RFA group (6.6 ± 1.6 days versus 2.1 ± 0.9 days, P < .001) and residual thyroid nodules were also less frequent after RFA than surgery. RFA minimizes normal thyroid tissue injury because the radiofrequency electrode moves only within the nodule.9,14,21 Therefore, damage to thyroid function is rare, and few residual nodules remain after RFA. RFA showed a low recurrence rate after treatment in our patients, which is consistent with published recurrence rates after RFA of 5.6% during follow-up of 4 years.16
A neck scar resulting from surgery can also be a concern to patients. Although performing thyroid surgery by laparoscope has a benefit of less neck scarring, other skin, such as the axillary and anterior chest, will still scar.34 RFA is a percutaneous, minimally invasive procedure under US monitoring. Because the outer diameter of the electrode is 1.2 mm, the RFA-related wound is tiny and patients fully recover in a few weeks. Most patients can be treated on an outpatient basis and can leave the hospital 1–2 hours after RFA without any disturbance in daily activities. The costs of RFA are comparable with those of conventional surgery in China. In nearly all respects, RFA shows superior performance to surgery for the treatment of thyroid nodules.
A limitation of our study was the short follow-up and the retrospective design. However, residual nodules and recurrence are rare on the basis of previous reports. We hope our results may motivate others to perform more extensive prospective studies to assess the effectiveness of this alternative approach.
Conclusions
RFA of a benign thyroid nodule effectively treats with a low incidence of complications, no effects on thyroid or parathyroid function, low nodular recurrence rate, and shorter hospitalization periods. Hence, RFA should be considered as possibly the first-line treatment for benign thyroid nodules.
REFERENCES
- Received October 26, 2014.
- Accepted after revision December 17, 2014.
- © 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
