Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flow diversion emerged as a crucial treatment option for intracranial aneurysms. We report a multicenter retrospective analysis of the safety and efficacy in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device (FRED) flow diverter, a dual-layer flow-modulation device.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: All intracranial aneurysms treated with the FRED between March 2013 and February 2016 at 4 neurovascular centers were included. Angiographic and clinical results were retrospectively analyzed, including all follow-up examinations. Aneurysms were unruptured in 44 cases, whereas 8 treatments were due to an acute SAH from the target aneurysm.
RESULTS: Successful implantation of the FRED was possible in 96.2% (50/52) of cases. At 3-month follow-up, complete occlusion was determined in 58.1% (25/43) and near-complete in 25.6% (11/43). At 12-month follow-up, aneurysm occlusion was complete in 75.0% (27/36) and near-complete in 22.2% (8/36). The overall acute and late thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complication rate was 17.3% (9/52), with a permanent treatment-related morbidity and mortality of 4.0% (2/50) and 2.0% (1/50), respectively, to date.
CONCLUSIONS: The FRED device offers an effective tool in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The dual-layer design promotes contemporary and stable long-term occlusion rates. Sufficient device expansion should be documented by angiographic CT. Further studies might help to identify a more optimal antiplatelet regimen to avoid thromboembolic complications during the follow-up period.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- FRED
- Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device
- PED
- Pipeline Embolization Device
The concept of flow diversion has been proved an effective method in the treatment of broad-based, fusiform, and small intracranial aneurysms.1⇓⇓–4 The most common flow diverters, such as the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED/PED flex; Covidien, Irvine, California), the Silk/Silk+ (Balt Extrusion, Montmorency, France), or the Surpass stent (Stryker Neurovascular, Kalamazoo, Michigan) are single-layer self-expanding devices with low porosity (proportion of metal-free area to total surface area) compared with conventional stents.
In this retrospective study, we analyzed the clinical and angiographic results of 52 intra- and extracranial aneurysms treated with the only available dual-layer flow diverter (Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device [FRED]; MicroVention, Tustin, California) at 4 neurovascular centers.
Materials and Methods
Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device
The FRED is a braided stent-in-stent device composed of an inner closed-cell stent (48 nitinol wires) with low porosity and an outer mesh with higher porosity (16 nitinol wires). The proximal and distal ends of the device are composed of the single-layer mesh of the outer stent, whereas the middle part of the device (80%) consists of the dual-layer structure. The fluoroscopic visibility results from 4 radiopaque markers at the distal and proximal ends and 2 interwoven helical marker strands delineating the dual-layer section of the device (Fig 1). The FRED is available in 5 nominal diameters (3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 mm) recommended for vessel diameters from 3.0 to 5.5 mm. It is mounted on a microwire with a distal and proximal radiopaque marker. A resheathing of the device is possible as long as 20% of the device remains unsheathed from the 0.027-inch microcatheter (point of no return). An undersized device results in an abatement of porosity with a distinct shortening and insufficient coverage of the vessel wall. An oversized device decreases the hemodynamic effect correspondingly.
Dual-layer structure of the FRED. The fluoroscopic visibility results from 2 interwoven helical marker strands delineating the dual-layer section (working length) and 4 radiopaque markers at the flared ends.
Selection Criteria, Patient Population, and Clinical Presentation
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. All patients, apart from those with an acute SAH, were informed of the treatment strategy, including all potential alternatives.
The decision for the endovascular treatment with the FRED resulted from a constantly performed interdisciplinary neurovascular conference at the participating centers. Table 1 summarizes the inclusion and exclusion criteria. On the basis of these criteria, 50 patients (40 women, 10 men; mean age, 56 years; range, 20–80 years) with 52 aneurysms were included. The clinical condition of each patient was measured according to the mRS before the procedure, at discharge, and after 3 and 12 months.5 Thirty patients were asymptomatic before the procedure, 12 patients had an mRS of 1 or 2 caused by the target aneurysm, and 8 patients had an mRS of >2 caused by an acute rupture from the aneurysm.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for treatment with FRED
Aneurysm Characteristics, Morphology, and Location
Of the 52 aneurysms included, 23 were incidental findings, 8 were ruptured (SAH within 5 days before the procedure), and 12 caused symptoms of mass effect. Three were remnants of clipped or wrapped aneurysms, 2 were previously coiled, and 4 were pretreated with other devices (p64; phenox, Bochum, Germany, n = 2; Woven EndoBridge [WEB] aneurysm embolization system; Sequent Medical, Aliso Viejo, California, n = 1; stent-assisted coiling, n = 1). The series comprises 30 saccular and 21 fusiform aneurysms and 1 blisterlike aneurysm. Forty-four aneurysms were located intradurally compared with 8 extradural locations. Table 2 indicates the locations of the treated aneurysms in detail.
Summary of the locations of the treated aneurysms
The median fundus size of all saccular aneurysms was 5.0 mm (range, 2.0–35.0 mm) with a median neck width of 4.0 mm (range, 2.0–20.0 mm).
Endovascular Procedure
All procedures were performed by 5 experienced operators on a biplane DSA unit. A coaxial 8F/6F guiding/intermediate catheter system was navigated into the target artery. The microcatheter was placed distal to the aneurysm at the intended distal landing zone.
Size selection of the flow diverter was based on calibrated measurements of the artery distal and proximal to the aneurysm. The largest diameter of the landing zones was used as a direct reference for the nominal diameter of the device. Once the flow diverter was pushed through the microcatheter to a position appropriate to cover the aneurysm, deployment resulted from a combination of careful retraction of the microcatheter and adjusted backpressure of the delivery wire (push and pull technique). Proper expansion, sufficient apposition to the vessel wall, and the correct position of the device were monitored under continuous fluoroscopy.
If the treatment was combined with coils, a microcatheter was placed initially (jailing).
Anticoagulation/Antiplatelet Regimen
All patients, except for those with ruptured aneurysms, were placed on dual-antiplatelet medication with 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid and 75 mg of clopidogrel daily at least 5 days before the treatment. Clopidogrel was continued for at least 3 months followed by life-long continuation of acetylsalicylic acid.
The sufficiency was tested by an impedance aggregometry testing method (Multiplate; Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Clopidogrel nonresponders were changed to a loading dose of 180 mg of ticagrelor followed by 90 mg twice daily. The Multiplate test was repeated with rescheduling of the intervention if necessary until a dual-platelet inhibition was clearly ascertained.
Eptifibatide was administered intravenously with a bolus followed by continuous intravenous application for at least 12 hours bridged with a loading dose of 500 mg of acetylsalicylic acid and 300 mg of clopidogrel in ruptured aneurysms. All procedures were performed with the patient under systemic heparinization.
Follow-Up
Clinical and angiographic follow-up examinations were planned after 3 and 12 months according to the institutional standards. The angiographic results were classified as the following: complete occlusion, minor neck remnant, major residual filling, or unchanged aneurysm filling. The results were independently analyzed by 2 interventional neuroradiologists.6
Results
Technical and Immediate Angiographic Results
Overall, 52 cases were included within the sample period (March 2013 to February 2016) at the participating centers. Centers 1 and 3 included 19 cases, whereas 5 cases were included at center 2, and 9 were from center 4.
Implantation of the FRED was performed as intended in 50/52 cases (96.2%) and failed in 2 cases of ICA aneurysms due to a severe elongation of the target vessel. Although placement of the microcatheter distal to the aneurysm was possible without difficulty, a sufficient opening of the flow diverter was not achieved despite several repositioning maneuvers. Both aneurysms were finally treated by stent-assisted coiling.
In 44 cases, a single device was used (Fig 2). Two were coaxially implanted in 2 cases. In 1 case of a large cavernous ICA aneurysm, a single FRED was combined with 3 Silk flow diverters and 5 Pipeline Embolization Devices (case 26). Arguments in favor of >1 device included an unchanged aneurysm perfusion after the first device or a large incorporation of the vessel in cases of very wide-neck or fusiform aneurysms.
A, A male patient with multiple asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms with a small proximal aneurysm of the A1 segment status post stent-assisted coil occlusion of a distal ICA aneurysm, right oblique and cranial views. B, Placement of a 3.5-/13/7-mm FRED with its flared ends extending toward the ICA bifurcation to cover the aneurysm with the dual-layer part of the device, right oblique and cranial views. C, Stasis of contrast material up to the venous phase, right oblique and cranial views. D, 4-month follow-up angiography with complete occlusion of the aneurysm, right oblique and cranial views.
An incomplete expansion occurred in 4 cases requiring balloon angioplasty. The treatment was combined with coils in 8 cases with the objective of accelerating the process of thrombus formation (Fig 3).
A, Finding of a large irregularly shaped aneurysm of the right ICA (posterior communicating segment) in a woman, causing symptoms of mass effect, 3D rotational angiography. B, Placement of a 4.0-/18/12-mm FRED after jailing of a microcatheter. Intra-aneurysmal stasis of contrast material, lateral view. C, Loose coil occlusion of the aneurysm, lateral view. D, Complete occlusion of the aneurysm on 3-month follow-up angiography, lateral view.
Angiographic Follow-Up Results
The first follow-up angiography was performed in 41/48 patients with 43/50 aneurysms after a median of 3.0 months (range, 1.0–12.0 months). Of the remaining 7 patients, 2 patients died during the early follow-up period as consequence of their preexisting SAH, 4 patients were lost to follow-up, and 1 patient died due to a delayed aneurysm rupture (case 49). To date, a second follow-up angiography is available for 34/48 patients with 36/50 aneurysms, after a median of 12.0 months (range, 2.0–24.0 months).
The complete occlusion rate improved from 58.1% (25/43 cases) at the first angiography to 75.0% (27/36 cases) at the second follow-up examination. A detailed illustration of the results is given in Table 3.
Occlusion rates at 3- and 12-month follow-up
Three cases of asymptomatic moderate-grade in-stent stenosis without hemodynamic relevance were observed during the early follow-up period. Two of these findings remained unchanged during the observational period, whereas the third patient developed an acute in-stent thrombosis 5 months later (case 25).
Clinical Results and Complications
Complications were analyzed at discharge and after 3 and 12 months according to their underlying pathomechanism (thromboembolic or hemorrhagic) and their clinical relevance. Asymptomatic complications were those without any worsening on the mRS grading scale; those with an increase on the mRS scale related to the complication were classified as symptomatic. A summary of the complications encountered in this series, including the mortality and morbidity, is given in Tables 4 and 5.
Summary of complications during the follow-up period
Morbidity and mortality during the follow-up period
The overall mortality and morbidity related to the treatment in the entire series is 2.0% (1/50 patients) and 4.0% (2/50 patients) to date. The mRS score improved or remained unchanged in 94.0% (47/50 patients) and worsened in 6.0% (3/50 patients), related to the treatment.
The overall complication rate most probably related to the treatment was 17.3% (9/52 cases) during the median follow-up of 12 months; 15.4% (8/52) were thromboembolic compared with 1.9% (1/52) hemorrhagic complications. Fortunately, only 2 of the thromboembolic complications resulted in a permanent neurologic deterioration (cases 13 and 25). Both were paraophthalmic ICA aneurysms in patients previously placed on ticagrelor due to a nonresponder status to clopidogrel. One patient experienced a parent artery thrombosis 3 weeks after the intervention with ongoing dual-antiplatelet inhibition, whereas the second thrombosis occurred 5 months after cessation of ticagrelor. These 2 patients were discharged with a clinical deterioration to an mRS of 4.
The remaining 6 cases of parent vessel thrombosis remained clinically asymptomatic or caused transient clinical deficits due to a sufficient collateralization via the circle of Willis in 4 and a successful recanalization in the remaining 2 cases (intra-arterial thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty) (Fig 4). These findings were in patients with continued dual-antiplatelet medication except case 25. All were carotid artery aneurysms treated with 1 FRED, except case 26. This patient was previously treated with 3 Silk and 5 PED flow diverters.
A, Incidental finding of a cavernous ICA aneurysm in a female patient, 3D rotational angiography. B, Placement of a 3.5-/22/16-mm FRED with incomplete expansion in the midsection of the flow diverter, recorded with fluoroscopy. C, Acute thrombotic occlusion of the ICA caused by the incompletely expanded flow diverter, right anterior oblique view. D, Status post dilation of the FRED with a coronary percutaneous transarterial angioplasty balloon (Sequent Medical, 2.75 × 10 mm), right anterior oblique view. E, 3-month follow-up angiography demonstrates complete occlusion of the cavernous aneurysm with regular opacification of the ICA, lateral view.
One fatal SAH occurred 19 days after treatment of a large paraophthalmic aneurysm of the ICA with 1 FRED and additional coiling (case 49).
One management-related adverse event without clinical impairment was encountered. This was a mild dissection of the V2 segment of the vertebral artery in a female patient with a fusiform aneurysm of the V4 segment, probably caused by a guidewire injury. The intimal disruption was covered with an Enterprise self-expanding stent (Codman & Shurtleff, Raynham, Massachusetts) without technical difficulty. The patient remained clinically unchanged.
Discussion
In this retrospective multicenter series, we present the angiographic and clinical results with the FRED in the treatment of 52 extra- and intracranial aneurysms. The series comprises ruptured and unruptured aneurysms of different subgroups (eg, saccular, fusiform, and anterior and posterior circulation). The technical success rate of 96.2% and the angiographic results with a complete and near-complete occlusion rate of 97.2% during a median follow-up period of 12.0 months are comparable with or partly superior to those of previously published series concerning flow diversion.1⇓⇓–4,7,8
The rate of morbidity and mortality is within the range known from previous series. Overall our results demonstrate that FRED is a useful and effective device in the treatment of complex aneurysms. Several technical and clinical aspects require detailed consideration.
Technical Factors of Flow Diversion
The effectiveness of flow diverters depends on 2 characteristics: the porosity, which is defined as the ratio of the metal-free surface to the total surface area, and the pore density, which describes the number of pores per unit of surface area.9 The porosity of the FRED is sectionalized due to its dual-layer design in the middle part, with a comparatively low porosity compared with the proximal and distal overlap of the outer stent. This design offers the possibility of placing maximum coverage above the aneurysm with low coverage at the landing zones to preserve side branches. The hemodynamic impact of this design is similar and probably more effective compared with the available single-layer flow diverters.
The flow-diverting effect can be increased by the implantation of multiple flow diverters in a telescoping manner. The initial implantation of >1 device will increase the risk of complications, especially with regard to side branch occlusions and an extended procedure time.10 Our angiographic results underline the efficiency of a single FRED. A further advantage of the dual-layer design apart from the potential improvement of flow diversion might be found in a strengthened radial force. The radial force vectors of the outer stent might lead to a higher safety of opening, especially when using long devices.
Thromboembolic Complications
Thromboembolic complications play an important role in the context of flow diversion. Table 6 gives a summary of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complication rates in preexisting series with flow diverters, including the period under review. The rate of thromboembolic complications is comparatively high in the present series. The underlying factors are presumably multifactorial because we failed to identify a distinct similarity.
Complication rates with different flow diverters including the period under review
The risk of thrombus formation and parent artery occlusion is higher with suboptimal wall apposition as discussed by Möhlenbruch et al8 in their series of 29 patients with 34 aneurysms treated with the FRED. They observed 2 patients (6.9%) with in-stent thrombosis and performed an in-stent percutaneous transarterial angioplasty of the flow diverter in 17% (5/29) of their aneurysms exclusively located at the sharp angulation of the carotid siphon. They stressed the importance of a slow and well-controlled push-and-pull technique with the microcatheter held in the central position of the vessel to achieve an optimal opening and apposition of the flow diverter to the vessel wall. They recommended resheathing the flow diverter if the slightest suspicion of incomplete wall apposition occurs.
Buyukkaya et al,16 in their series of 34 aneurysms treated with the Silk flow diverter, observed a thromboembolic complication rate of 12.1%. They discussed the difficulty of deployment as indirectly associated with thromboembolic events. A successful deployment is clearly dependent on the personal experience of the interventionalist and becomes more complex in highly curved anatomies such as the carotid siphon. Most interesting, the rate of aneurysms located at the paraophthalmic highly curved segment of the ICA was comparatively high in their series (58.8%), which was rather similar in our series (40.5%). This might be a possible explanation for the thromboembolic complications in our series because a suboptimal expansion is more likely in tortuous vessels. This context is underlined by the illustrative case given (Fig 4), which documents an incomplete expansion of the FRED in the curved anatomy of the ICA, which resulted in an immediate in-stent thrombosis.
In some cases, fluoroscopy alone is inappropriate for proving the sufficient expansion of flow-modulation devices. Advanced techniques such as rotational angiography without subtraction and angiographic CT are helpful in the final assessment after implantation of flow diverters. On the basis of our results, we decided to include angiographic CT (DynaCT; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) in our routine institutional standard to detect minor device malpositions and irregular expansions.17
A further source of thromboembolic complications might be found in the duration and monitoring of the antiplatelet medication. Several studies showed a significant individual variation in the response to clopidogrel.18,19 Patients with high platelet reactivity despite clopidogrel treatment are exposed to a higher risk of thromboembolic events.20 Factors influencing the responsiveness to clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid, such as drug interactions, bioaviability, diabetes, smoking, age, and drug compliance, are clearly identified in the literature.21 These conditions are inconsistent among patients and change during the follow-up interval.
Routine platelet function testing during the follow-up interval with a precise analysis of the relevant concomitant circumstances might help to identify patients with a de novo resistance to their antiplatelet therapy. The therapy should be tailored and individualized to those findings by a dose modification or changeover to another P2Y12 antagonist as suggested by Oran et al.22
The optimal duration of dual-antiplatelet medication after flow-diverter treatment is still controversial. A continuation of the dual-antiplatelet medication during the process of neoendothelialization up to 12 months might help to decrease the incidence of late thromboembolic events. In the series of Kocer et al23 with 37 aneurysms treated with the FRED, the dual antiplatelet medication was used for at least 6 months, and in cases of in-stent stenosis, the medication was maintained.
The standard duration of dual-antiplatelet medication was comparatively short in our series (3 months), which might serve as an explanation for the delayed thromboembolic complications. However, only 1 thromboembolic complication occurred with acetylsalicylic acid alone.
As described above, our retrospective study protocol did not include platelet-activation testing during the follow-up period, resulting in a failure to identify patients with a recent nonresponder status. This could explain the occurrence of thromboembolic complications in patients believed to be on sufficient dual-antiplatelet therapy. We plan to modify our institutional follow-up standards accordingly.
Hemorrhagic Complications
As described above, 1 delayed rupture of a large ICA aneurysm occurred in this series. Several studies identified larger aneurysms as being more prone to delayed aneurysm ruptures.24,25 An inflammatory reaction by lytic enzymes such as metalloproteinases might promote degradation of the aneurysmal wall during thrombus formation. Potential strategies to minimize the risk of delayed aneurysm ruptures after flow diversion might aim for an acceleration of intra-aneurysmal thrombus formation and an attenuation of the inflammatory reaction. A combination with additional coiling in large aneurysms might accelerate the process of thrombus formation, though delayed ruptures are reported in cases with additional coiling.4,26,27 The positive effect of a concomitant anti-inflammatory medication on the stability of the aneurysmal wall remains unproven. Thielen et al28 could not prove a significant change in the level of lytic enzymes such as metalloproteinase induced by cyclosporine. However, the basic approach of an inflammatory modulation possibly managed with cortisone appears promising and deserves further investigation.
Limitations
Our study has several limitations. The retrospective analysis of the data might cause inhomogeneity because the standards differ slightly among the centers. However, all cases were performed according to a consistent study protocol.
Further limitations are the wide range of different aneurysm types (ruptured, fusiform, saccular, and blister) included in this series and the lack of comparability with conventional treatment strategies. The entire cohort is too small for a significant analysis of the safety and efficacy of the different subtypes of aneurysms treated with the FRED.
Regarding the late thromboembolic events in this series, an analysis of the dual-antiplatelet response during the follow-up period would have been of major interest to identify the proportion of subjects resistant to dual antiplatelet medication and to verify the individual compliance.
Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of aneurysms treated with the FRED comprising a long-term follow-up evaluation of the angiographic and clinical course.
Conclusions
The technical and angiographic success rate with the FRED is compelling. Contemporary aneurysm occlusion can be accomplished with a single device in most cases. The dual-layer design promotes contemporary and stable occlusion rates. Exact sizing of the device with a consistent expansion and a sufficient wall apposition ideally documented with angiographic CT and rotational angiography without subtraction are essential factors in the management of aneurysms treated with FRED.
Routine platelet-activation testing during the follow-up period might help to decrease the incidence of late thromboembolic events. Further prospective studies may evaluate the implementation of an idealized, individually tailored long-term antiplatelet strategy.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Werner Weber—RELATED: Other: proctor for MicroVention Terumo. Ansgar Berlis—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: MicroVention/Terumo, Comments: proctor; Support for Travel to Meetings for the Study or Other Purposes: MicroVention/Terumo, Comments: invited lectures at meetings, arranged by MicroVention/Terumo; UNRELATED: Consultancy: Sequent Medical, Covidien, Stryker; Comments: proctor contract; Payment for Lectures including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Sequent Medical, Covidien, Stryker, Penumbra; Comments: invited lectures at meetings, arranged by MicroVention/Terumo. Stefan Rohde—UNRELATED: Payment for Lectures including Service on Speakers Bureaus: <€1000, MicroVention, ev3; Travel/Accommodations/Meeting Expenses Unrelated to Activities Listed: <€1000, MicroVention, Stryker Neurovascular. Sebastian Fischer—UNRELATED: Board Membership: advisory board member for Codman Neurovascular.
Preliminary data from this series was previously presented at: Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuroradiology, October 15–17, 2015; Cologne, Germany.
References
- Received May 31, 2016.
- Accepted after revision August 16, 2016.
- © 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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