Abstract
BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of flow diversion among distal anterior circulation aneurysms must be proved.
PURPOSE: Our aim was to analyze the outcomes after flow diversion among MCA, anterior communicating artery, and distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms.
DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of 3 databases was performed for studies published from 2005 to 2018.
STUDY SELECTION: According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we included studies reporting flow diversion of distal anterior circulation aneurysms.
DATA ANALYSIS: Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool aneurysm occlusion and complication rates. From the individual patient data, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to test predictors of occlusion and complications.
DATA SYNTHESIS: We included 27 studies (484 aneurysms). The long-term adequate occlusion rate (O'Kelly-Marotta scale, C–D) was 82.7% (295/364; 95% CI, 77.4%–87.9%; I2 = 52%). Treatment-related complications were 12.5% (63/410; 95% CI, 9%–16%%; I2 = 18.8%), with 5.4% (29/418; 95% CI, 3.2%–7.5%; I2 = 0%) morbidity. MCA location was an independent factor associated with lower occlusion (OR = 0.5, P = .03) and higher complication rates (OR = 1.8, P = .02), compared with anterior communicating artery and distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. The Pipeline Embolization Device (versus other stents) gave better occlusion rates (OR = 2.6, P = .002), whereas large/giant aneurysms were associated with higher odds of complications (OR = 2.2, P = .03). The rates of occlusion and narrowing of arteries covered by flow-diverter stents were 6.3% (29/283; 95% CI, 3.5%–9.1%; I2 = 4.2%) and 23.8% (69/283; 95% CI, 15.7%–32%; I2 = 80%), respectively. Symptoms related to occlusion and narrowing of the jailed arteries were 3.5% (6/269; 95% CI, 1.1%–5%; I2 = 0%) and 3% (6/245; 95% CI, 1%–4%; I2 = 0%), respectively.
LIMITATIONS: We reviewed small and retrospective series.
CONCLUSIONS: Flow diversion among distal anterior circulation aneurysms is effective, leading to adequate aneurysm occlusion in 83% of cases. However, this strategy has some limitations among MCA and larger lesions, especially related to the higher rate of complications. Compared with the other devices, the Pipeline Embolization Device seems to be associated with a higher occlusion rate.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- AC
- anterior circulation
- AcomA
- anterior communicating artery
- AT
- antiplatelet therapy
- DACA
- distal anterior cerebral artery
- FD
- flow diversion
The off-label uses of flow diversion (FD) for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms have increased, including distal locations and bifurcation aneurysms.1 The smaller diameters of the arteries, the technical challenges of the distal navigation, and the coverage of bifurcation branches and perforators may increase the risk of treatment-related complications.1⇓⇓–4 Few series have investigated the safety and efficacy of these devices among distal anterior circulation (AC) aneurysms. The aim of our meta-analysis was to report the outcome after FD treatment among the 3 most common AC distal locations: the MCA, anterior communicating artery (AcomA), and distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) (pericallosal) segments.
Materials and Methods
Literature Search
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Ovid EMBASE, and Scopus was conducted for studies published from January 2005 to November 2018. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines5 were followed. The detailed search strategy is reported in On-line Table 1, and the included studies are reported in On-line Table 2. The inclusion criteria were the following: studies reporting series with distally located AC unruptured aneurysms treated with FD. We considered the following distal locations: MCA (early cortical branches and MCA main bifurcation6), AcomA, and DACA arising at or beyond the A2 segment. Previously ruptured aneurysms showing recanalization after embolization in the acute phase were included if flow diversion was used as a retreatment strategy. Exclusion criteria were the following: 1) case reports, 2) review articles, 3) studies published in languages other than English, 4) in vitro/animal studies, and 5) series reporting an A1 location. In cases of overlapping patient populations, only the series with the largest number of patients or the most detailed data were included. Two independent readers screened articles in their entirety to determine eligibility for inclusion. A third author solved discrepancies.
Data Collection
We extracted the following: 1) occlusion rate, 2) treatment-related complications, and 3) clinical outcome.
Complete/near-complete aneurysm occlusion was defined on the basis of the following: O' Kelly Marotta grades C–D,7 Raymond-Roy classification8 (classes I–II), or when “complete occlusion” and “neck remnant” were used in the study. Treatment-related complications were divided into the following: 1) periprocedural (within 30 days) and delayed events (after 30 days); 2) transient (asymptomatic events or complete neurologic recovery) and permanent complications (symptomatic events with permanent deficits); and 3) ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. Small and large aneurysms were considered <10 mm and ≥10 mm, respectively. Flow diversion and coiling, compared with the group of flow diversion alone, was considered if coiling was performed in the same treatment session as the flow diverter procedure; patients with a previously coiled aneurysm were not counted in this subgroup. The angiographic outcome of covered arteries was evaluated as follows: 1) normal, 2) arterial narrowing, and 3) arterial occlusion. Finally, good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 or when the study reported “no morbidity,” “good recovery,” or “no symptoms.”
Outcomes
The primary objectives of this study were to define the safety (treatment-related complications, morbidity rates) and the efficacy (technical success rate, long-term occlusion) of FD for distal AC aneurysms. The secondary objectives were to define the influence of aneurysm, patient, and treatment characteristics on the analyzed outcomes.
Quality Scoring
A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale9 was used for the quality assessment of the included studies (details in On-line Table 3). The quality assessment was performed by 2 authors independently, and a third author solved discrepancies.
Statistical Analysis
Meta-Analysis.
We estimated, from each cohort, the cumulative prevalence and 95% confidence interval for each outcome. Heterogeneity of the data was assessed by the Higgins Index (I2), and subsequently, the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model were applied. The graphic representation was performed by forest plots. To evaluate the heterogeneity and bias, we analyzed the meta-regression and the funnel plots followed by the Egger linear regression test, respectively. To verify the consistency of the meta-analysis results outcome, we assessed the influence of each individual study by the sensitivity analysis (leave-one-out approach). Differences among subgroups of analyses were considered significant at P < .05. Meta-analysis was performed with ProMeta-2 (Internovi, Cesena, Italy) and OpenMeta[Analyst] (https://idostatistics.com/prometa3/).
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses.
From the individual patient data,10 we extracted the following dependent variables: aneurysm occlusion (complete-versus-incomplete occlusion) and treatment-related complications (complications versus no complications). Individual patient data of dissecting and fusiform aneurysms were reasonably excluded, and the analysis was mostly performed on the saccular type. The χ2 test was used to evaluate qualitative factors associated with occlusion and complications (type of FD, aneurysm location, number of stents, FD alone versus FD and coiling). The independent variables significantly associated (in the univariate analysis) with aneurysm complete occlusion or complications were analyzed together in a binary logistic regression (multivariate analysis) to assess the independent contribution of each factor. The results of the regression model were calculated by the Wald test and expressed using P values and related odds ratio. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS, Version 24 (IBM, Armonk, New York).
Results
Literature Review
Studies included in our meta-analysis are summarized in On-line Table 2. The search flow diagram is shown in On-line Fig 1.
A total of 27 studies and 484 distal AC aneurysms treated with FD were included. Overall, we extracted 286 MCA aneurysms from 16 studies, 145 AcomA aneurysms from 12 studies, and 53 DACA aneurysms from 6 studies.
Quality of Studies
Overall, 22 included studies were retrospective series,1,2,4,11⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–28 whereas 5 articles were prospective series (details in On-line Table 3).29⇓⇓⇓–33
Patient Population and Aneurysm Characteristics
The mean age of patients was 54.5 years (range, 18–82 years), and the proportion of male patients was 36% (95% CI, 31%–41%) (On-line Table 4). Aneurysms included in our study were unruptured lesions with a mean size of 6 mm (median, 5.7 mm; range, 2–21 mm). The most common device was the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Covidien, Irvine, California) (62%; 95% CI, 57%–66%), followed by the Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device (FRED; MicroVention, Tustin, California) (15.5%; 95% CI, 12%–19%), the Silk flow diverter (Balt Extrusion, Montmorency, France) (10.5%; 95% CI, 8%–13%), the p64 (phenox, Bochum, Germany) (7%; 95% CI, 4%–9%), and the Surpass stent (Stryker Neurovascular, Kalamazoo, Michigan) (5%; 95% CI, 3%–7%).
The mean radiologic (digital subtraction angiography) follow-up was 12 months (range, 4–28 months; median, 12.5 months; interquartile range = 10–12.5 months), and the mean clinical follow-up was 13 months (range, 6–30 months; median, 12 months; interquartile range = 10–14 months).
Angiographic Outcomes
Given the interstudy differences in terms of patient population, aneurysm features, aneurysm locations, and type of device used, random-effects meta-analysis was adopted to report the studied outcomes because this model incorporates heterogeneity among studies. The technical success rate was 97.5% (422/429; 95% CI, 96%–98.9%; I2 = 0%) (Table 1). Immediate angiographic occlusion (O'Kelly-Marotta scale, C–D) after treatment was obtained in 11.1% (44/333; 95% CI, 6.5%–16%; I2 = 55%) of aneurysms. The rate of long-term complete/near-complete occlusion was 82.7% (295/364; 95% CI, 77.4%–87.9%; I2 = 52%). Meta-regression showed a nonsignificant variation of the effect size (P = .91) during the analyzed period, and the funnel plot (Egger linear regression test) excludes publication bias (P = .09). The sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study significantly influenced the combined aneurysm occlusion rate, indicating the robust results of this meta-analysis (On-line Fig 2).
Outcomes after flow diversion treatment of distal anterior circulation intracranial aneurysms
Treatment-Related Complications
The overall complication rate was 12.5% (63/410; 95% CI, 9%–16%%; I2 = 18.8%) (Table 1). Meta-regression showed a trend toward lower rates of complications during the analyzed period (P = .058). The funnel plot excludes publication bias (P = .33). In addition, no individual study significantly influenced the treatment-related complication rate (On-line Fig 3). Periprocedural/early complications were 5.9% (30/418; 95% CI, 3.7%–8%; I2 = 0%). Delayed complications were 6.5% (35/418; 95% CI, 3.4%–8.4%; I2 = 0%). Transient and permanent complications were 6.7% (33/418; 95% CI, 4.4%–9%; I2 = 0%) and 5.4% (29/418; 95% CI, 3.3%–7.5%; I2 = 0%), respectively.
Overall, ischemic/thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events were 9.9% (54/418; 95% CI, 7%–12.7%; I2 = 6.6%) and 2.6% (7/418; 95% CI, 1.1%–4%; I2 = 0%), respectively. Ischemic events were higher in the MCA location (40/239 = 14.6%; 95% CI, 9%–20%; I2 = 33%) compared with the AcomA (10/126 = 6%; 95% CI, 2%–10%; I2 = 0%) and DACA locations (4/53 = 7%; 95% CI, 1.5%–16%; I2 = 0%). The rate of ischemic complications related to the premature discontinuation of the antiplatelet therapy (AT) (which means that the patient discontinued the AT before the required period) was 2.8% (6/418; 95% CI, 1.3%–4.3%; I2 = 0%). There was only 1 case of rupture after treatment during 2 years of follow-up: it was a previously ruptured MCA aneurysm treated with coils and multiple FDs.26
Treatment-related mortality was 2.2% (5/374; 95% CI, 0.8%–3.7%; I2 = 0%), and the rate of good neurologic outcome was 97% (290/304; 95% CI, 96%–99%; I2 = 0%).
Subgroups Analysis: Factors Related to Aneurysm Occlusion
The long-term complete/near-complete occlusion rate was higher among AcomA (91/105 = 88%; 95% CI, 82%–94%; I2 = 0%) and DACA (41/53 = 82%; 95% CI, 70.7%–90.7%; I2 = 0%) compared with the MCA location (163/206 = 78%; 95% CI, 69%–88%; I2 = 73.7%). Treatment with the PED was associated with a higher occlusion rate (143/165 = 87.3%; 95% CI, 82.4%–92.3%; I2 = 0%) compared with the other devices (FRED, Surpass, p64) (Table 1). Overall, occlusion rates were comparable among aneurysms treated with FD alone versus FD and coils, single FD versus multiple FDs, and small (<10 mm) versus large (≥10 mm) aneurysms (P > .05). In addition, the occlusion rate was comparable among fusiform/dissecting and saccular aneurysms (On-line Table 5). The mean aneurysm size of lesions completely and incompletely occluded was 6 ± 4.6 and 6.5 ± 6.3 mm (P = .3). There was a trend toward a lower mean age in patients with complete aneurysm occlusion (54 versus 60 years, P = .06).
Overall, individual patient data were available for 80% of patients (Table 2). The multivariate analysis showed that PED devices (versus other stents) were associated with higher occlusion (OR = 2.6, P = .02), whereas the MCA location (versus AcomA/DACA) was associated with lower occlusion (OR = 0.5, P = .03).
Univariate and multivariate analysis of predicting factors for aneurysm occlusion and treatment-related complications
Subgroup Analysis: Factors Related to Complications
The complication rate was higher for MCA aneurysms (44/231 = 18%; 95% CI, 12%–25%; I2 = 42%) compared with AcomA (14/126 = 8%; 95% CI, 3%–13%; I2 = 0%) and DACA aneurysms (5/53 = 9%; 95% CI, 5%–17%; I2 = 0%). Complication rates after the PED (20/159 = 9.2%; 95% CI, 4.9%–13.5%; I2 = 0%) and Silk devices (2/20 = 8.2%; 95% CI, 3.2%–19.5%; I2 = 0%) were slightly lower compared with the FRED (9/66 = 11.7%; 95% CI, 3.2%–20.3%; I2 = 29%) and p64 devices (3/23 = 12.5%; 95% CI, 1%–26%; I2 = 0%). Overall, treatment-related complication rates were not significantly associated with the number of stents, treatment with or without coils, age, and type of aneurysm (fusiform/dissecting versus saccular) (P > .05). There was a trend toward higher mean aneurysm size in patients presenting with complications (7 ± 4.3 versus 4.4 ± 4.5 mm) (P = .06). The adverse event rate was lower among small aneurysms (<10 mm) versus large lesions (≥10 mm) (OR = 0.4, P = .04) (On-line Table 5).
The multivariate analysis confirmed larger size aneurysms (≥10 mm) (OR = 2.2, P = .03) and MCA location (OR = 1.8, P = .02) as factors independently associated with higher rates of complications (Table 2).
Outcome of Covered Arteries
Overall, the rates of occlusion and narrowing of arterial branches covered by FD were 6.3% (29/283; 95% CI, 3.5%–9.1%; I2 = 4.2%) and 23.8% (69/283; 95% CI, 15.7%–32%; I2 = 80%), respectively (On-line Table 6 and On-line Fig 4). Symptoms related to occlusion and narrowing/slow flow of covered branches were 3.5% (6/269; 95% CI, 1.1%–5%; I2 = 0%) and 3% (6/245; 95% CI, 1%–4%; I2 = 0%), respectively. The rate of occlusion of covered vessels in the MCA location (M2 or early cortical branches) was 7.3% (22/207; 95% CI, 3.5%–11%; I2 = 15%), whereas in the anterior cerebral artery location (A2, callosomarginal artery, artery of Heubner), it was 5.5% (7/76; 95% CI, 1%–11%; I2 = 0%), respectively. The rates of occlusion of jailed arteries were 7.7% (11/124; 95% CI, 3.2%–12%; I2 = 0%) and 7% (9/61; 95% CI, 3.5%–10%; I2 = 0%) among the PED group and other devices, respectively.
Study Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity was low (<50%) for all the reported outcomes except for the following: immediate aneurysm occlusion, long-term occlusion among MCA aneurysms, and rate of narrowing of covered vessels.
Discussion
Our meta-analysis of approximately 500 AC distal aneurysms showed that FD treatment was effective, with a rate of technical success and long-term adequate aneurysm occlusion (O'Kelly-Marotta scale, C–D) close to 97% and 83%, respectively. Most interesting, the subgroup analysis showed better angiographic occlusion among AcomA and DACA aneurysms (88% and 82%; O'Kelly-Marotta scale, C–D) compared with MCA location (78%). The binary logistic regression revealed MCA location and treatment with the PED as independent factors associated with lower (OR = 0.5, P = .03) and higher occlusion rates (OR = 2.6, P = .02), respectively. Although FD treatment was relatively safe with overall rates of complications and morbidity of 12% and 5%, respectively, the MCA location was associated with higher adverse events (18%). Accordingly, in the multivariate analysis, MCA aneurysms (OR = 1.8, P = .02) and the aneurysm size (large aneurysms [≥10 mm] versus small aneurysms [<10 mm]) (OR = 2.2, P = .03) were independent factors associated with adverse events. These results can guide the practitioners during the off-label use of FD stents for the treatment of distal AC aneurysms.
Angiographic Outcome
Overall, large prospective studies and meta-analyses reported a complete occlusion rate after FD close to 75%.34,35 Our study demonstrated comparable results among distal AC aneurysms, with an 82% complete/near-complete occlusion rate. The MCA location was an independent factor of incomplete occlusion (OR = 0.5, P = .03). A previous meta-analysis focusing on the endovascular treatment of MCA aneurysms before the era of FD revealed approximately 83% adequate occlusion.36 On the contrary, a very recent review comparing coiling versus clipping of unruptured MCA aneurysms reported 53% and 95% long-term complete occlusion, respectively.37 These data highlighted heterogeneous rates of adequate occlusion among endovascular series of MCA aneurysms. These outcomes are likely related to different factors: 1) the anatomic variations (sometime with an unfavorable configuration); 2) the presence of wide-neck and branching vessels arising from the aneurysm; and 3) the more difficult angiographic visualization of the aneurysm neck and sac. In addition, most of the MCA aneurysms arose from the main bifurcation point, whereas approximately 20% of lesions originated from an early cortical branch (temporal or frontal).6 Very few studies reported a distinction between early cortical branch aneurysms (that have a close relation with perforators) and bifurcation aneurysms (that are close to or incorporate M2 branches); this can influence the outcomes after the endovascular treatments.3 All of the above reported features can partially explain the higher rate of heterogeneity of the occlusion rate of MCA aneurysms found in our meta-analysis.
Since the FDA approval of the PED in 2011, its off-label uses have expanded, including at distal locations. In our series, nearly 60% of distal aneurysms were treated with the PED. This device was associated with higher occlusion rates compared with the other flow diverters, and the multivariate analysis confirmed that the PED was an independent factor associated with better angiographic results (OR = 2.6, P = .02). Möhlenbruch et al,31 in a recent prospective series, reported a 65% complete/near-complete occlusion among 12 AcomA aneurysms treated with the FRED Jr, whereas Colby et al14 showed approximately 85% adequate occlusion after treatment with the PED of 34 AcomA aneurysms. Similarly, occlusion among pericallosal aneurysms ranged from 50% to 70%15,31 and from 75% to 100%1,2,16,22 after treatment with the FRED Jr and PED, respectively.
Finally, consistent with the recent literature,38,39 the angiographic outcomes were not significantly influenced by using adjunctive coils and multiple stents.
Treatment-Related Complications
The Aneurysm Study of Pipeline in an Observational Registry35 and the International Retrospective Study of Pipeline Embolization Device (IntrePED)40 studies reported treatment-related complication rates close to 11%, with 6% morbidity. Our meta-analysis, focusing on the distal AC aneurysms, showed comparable rates of complications. Most interesting, 10% of them were ischemic events largely related to perforator injury, acute in-stent thrombosis, or covered side branches. Accordingly, the MCA had the highest rate of complications (18%), and this location was an independent factor related to adverse events (OR = 1.8, P = .02). This finding is consistent with a recent meta-analysis of FD for MCA aneurysms reporting an overall rate of complications of 21%, with 10% morbidity.3 Overall, almost 3% of complications were related to the premature discontinuation of the AT. Caroff et al,13 in a series of 15 MCA aneurysms treated with FD, reported a transient ischemic attack in the MCA territory after the termination of the dual AT. In a recent series of 17 pericallosal aneurysms, the authors reported 1 complete PED occlusion leading to an irreversible ischemic infarct due to the inadvertent discontinuation of the AT.2 These data emphasize the close relationship between antiplatelet function and FD in small and distal vessels.
Binary logistic regression of the individual patient data, consistent with the subgroup analysis, underlined aneurysm size (large aneurysms [≥10 mm] versus small aneurysms [<10 mml]) as a factor associated with a higher risk of complications (OR = 2.2, P = .03). Due to their size, intrasaccular thrombosis, neck dimension, and the relationship with neural structures, large/very large aneurysms are often difficult to treat and are associated with high rates of treatment-related morbidity.41 Gawlitza et al,18 in a series of AcomA and MCA aneurysms treated with FD, reported complications in 5 of the 6 patients with large/giant lesions, while adverse events among small aneurysms were significantly lower (3 of 11 patients). This finding is in accordance with the results of a recent meta-analysis of very large/giant aneurysms showing 29% complications after FD, without significant differences between FD alone and FD plus coiling.41
Outcome of Covered Vessels
FD stents at the bifurcation points have a potential risk of occlusion of the covered arteries. We found 6% and 24% occlusion and narrowing of covered vessels, respectively. There were not significant differences among the studied locations and the devices. Most important, symptoms related to occlusion and arterial narrowing were both 3%. In the series by Caroff et al,13 immediately after treatment, slow flow of the covered M2 caused 6% and 13% of transient and permanent deficits, respectively. Pistocchi et al23 reported 5 cases of occlusion and 4 cases of slow flow of the covered A2, among 14 patients with AcomA aneurysm treated with the Silk device, with only 1 patient experiencing a transitory hemiparesis. Saleme et al,4 in a series of 9 AcomA aneurysms treated with the PED, described 2 cases of asymptomatic A2 occlusion during follow-up. Finally, among DACA aneurysms, the rate of flow modification of the covered callosomarginal artery was between 0% and 30%,1,2,15,16,22 with only 1 case of transient ischemic symptoms.31
Strengths and Limitations
Our study has limitations. Most of the series are small retrospective studies. Although the AT was quite comparable among the studies (On-line Table 2), the influence of the platelet inhibition levels was not evaluated. Fusiform/dissecting aneurysms reported in a few included series can impact the results of our meta-analysis, though we performed a subgroup analysis (dissecting/fusiform versus saccular) and we reasonably excluded this kind of aneurysm from the binary logistic regression. However, publication bias was reasonably excluded, and our review is the largest today on this topic.
Conclusions
In general, flow diversion among distal AC aneurysms is effective, leading to adequate aneurysm occlusion in 83% of cases. Nevertheless, this strategy presents some limitations among MCA and larger lesions, especially related to the higher rate of complications. Compared with the other devices, the PED seems to be associated with a higher occlusion rate.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Paolo Perrini—UNRELATED: Employment: University of Pisa, Comments: Associate Professor at University of Pisa. Davide di Carlo—UNRELATED: Employment: University of Pisa. Alain Bonafe—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Medtronic, Stryker, MicroVention. Vincent Costalat—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Medtronic, Balt, Stryker, Cerenovus; Grants/Grants Pending: Medtronic, Stryker, Cerenovus, Balt, Penumbra*; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Stryker, Medtronic, Balt, MicroVention. Pierre-Henri Lefevre—UNRELATED: Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Medtronic. *Money paid to the institution.
REFERENCES
- Received December 5, 2018.
- Accepted after revision January 28, 2019.
- © 2019 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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