PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Takuya Fujimoto
AU  - Brian P. Giles
AU  - Robert E. Replogle
AU  - Hitomi Fujimoto
AU  - Susan L. Miller
AU  - Phillip D. Purdy
TI  - Visualization of Sacral Nerve Roots via Percutaneous Intraspinal Navigation (PIN)
DP  - 2005 Oct 01
TA  - American Journal of Neuroradiology
PG  - 2420--2424
VI  - 26
IP  - 9
4099  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/26/9/2420.short
4100  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/26/9/2420.full
SO  - Am. J. Neuroradiol.2005 Oct 01; 26
AB  - Summary: A percutaneous technique for visualizing sacral nerve roots is described. A fiberscope was inserted into the subarachnoid space through a sheath that was inserted via a percutaneous lumbar puncture. The sacral nerve roots were identified with endoscopic visualization and x-ray fluoroscopy localization of the endoscope. These images were compared with those obtained from a videoscope, which revealed better imaging. Specific sacral nerve roots can be identified by using a combination of endoscopy and x-ray fluoroscopy. This technique may enable minimally invasive interventions such as lysis of adhesions, arachnoid cyst decompression, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and more selective and precise nerve stimulation electrode placement.