PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Yamada, S.
AU  - Tsuchiya, K.
AU  - Bradley, W.G.
AU  - Law, M.
AU  - Winkler, M.L.
AU  - Borzage, M.T.
AU  - Miyazaki, M.
AU  - Kelly, E.J.
AU  - McComb, J.G.
TI  - Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse
AID  - 10.3174/ajnr.A4030
DP  - 2014 Jul 10
TA  - American Journal of Neuroradiology
4099  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2014/07/10/ajnr.A4030.short
4100  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2014/07/10/ajnr.A4030.full
AB  - SUMMARY: This article provides an overview of phase-contrast and time–spatial labeling inversion pulse MR imaging techniques to assess CSF movement in the CNS under normal and pathophysiologic situations. Phase-contrast can quantitatively measure stroke volume in selected regions, notably the aqueduct of Sylvius, synchronized to the heartbeat. Judicious fine-tuning of the technique is needed to achieve maximal temporal resolution, and it has limited visualization of CSF motion in many CNS regions. Phase-contrast is frequently used to evaluate those patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus and a Chiari I malformation. Correlation with successful treatment outcome has been problematic. Time–spatial labeling inversion pulse, with a high signal-to-noise ratio, assesses linear and turbulent motion of CSF anywhere in the CNS. Time–spatial labeling inversion pulse can qualitatively visualize whether CSF flows between 2 compartments and determine whether there is flow through the aqueduct of Sylvius or a new surgically created stoma. Cine images reveal CSF linear and turbulent flow patterns. Abbreviations CSPcavum septi pellucidiNPHnormal pressure hydrocephalusPCphase-contrastTime-SLIPtime–spatial labeling inversion pulseVencvelocity-encoding value