PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - M.E. Adin
AU  - D.D. Spencer
AU  - E. Damisah
AU  - A. Herlopian
AU  - J.L. Gerrard
AU  - R.A. Bronen
TI  - Imaging of Neuromodulation and Surgical Interventions for Epilepsy
AID  - 10.3174/ajnr.A7222
DP  - 2021 Oct 01
TA  - American Journal of Neuroradiology
PG  - 1742--1750
VI  - 42
IP  - 10
4099  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/42/10/1742.short
4100  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/42/10/1742.full
SO  - Am. J. Neuroradiol.2021 Oct 01; 42
AB  - SUMMARY: About one-third of epilepsy cases are refractory to medical therapy. During the past decades, the availability of surgical epilepsy interventions has substantially increased as therapeutic options for this group of patients. A wide range of surgical interventions and electrophysiologic neuromodulation techniques are available, including lesional resection, lobar resection, thermoablation, disconnection, multiple subpial transections, vagus nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and deep brain stimulation. The indications and imaging features of potential complications of the newer surgical interventions may not be widely appreciated, particularly if practitioners are not associated with comprehensive epilepsy centers. In this article, we review a wide range of invasive epilepsy treatment modalities with a particular focus on their postoperative imaging findings and complications. A state-of-the-art treatment algorithm provides context for imaging findings by helping the reader understand how a particular invasive treatment decision is made.ANTanterior thalamic nucleusATLanterior temporal lobectomyDBSdeep brain stimulationEEGelectroencephalogramFGATIRfast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recoveryLITTlaser interstitial thermal therapyMSTmultiple subpial transectionMTSmesial temporal sclerosisRNSresponsive neurostimulationVNSvagus nerve stimulation