PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - S. Ekici
AU  - J.A. Nye
AU  - S.G. Neill
AU  - J.W. Allen
AU  - H.-K. Shu
AU  - C.C. Fleischer
TI  - Glutamine Imaging: A New Avenue for Glioma Management
AID  - 10.3174/ajnr.A7333
DP  - 2022 Jan 01
TA  - American Journal of Neuroradiology
PG  - 11--18
VI  - 43
IP  - 1
4099  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/43/1/11.short
4100  - http://www.ajnr.org/content/43/1/11.full
SO  - Am. J. Neuroradiol.2022 Jan 01; 43
AB  - SUMMARY: The glutamine pathway is emerging as an important marker of cancer prognosis and a target for new treatments. In gliomas, the most common type of brain tumors, metabolic reprogramming leads to abnormal consumption of glutamine as an energy source, and increased glutamine concentrations are associated with treatment resistance and proliferation. A key challenge in the development of glutamine-based biomarkers and therapies is the limited number of in vivo tools to noninvasively assess local glutamine metabolism and monitor its changes. In this review, we describe the importance of glutamine metabolism in gliomas and review the current landscape of translational and emerging imaging techniques to measure glutamine in the brain. These techniques include MRS, PET, SPECT, and preclinical methods such as fluorescence and mass spectrometry imaging. Finally, we discuss the roadblocks that must be overcome before incorporating glutamine into a personalized approach for glioma management.ASCT2alanine, serine, cysteine transporter 211C-Gln5-11C-(2S)-glutamineDMIdeuterium metabolic imaging[18F]-FGln4-[18F]-(2S,4R)-fluoroglutamine2-HG2-hydroxyglutarateIDHisocitrate dehydrogenaseMSImass spectrometry imagingmTORmechanistic target of rapamycinNMRnuclear MRPRESSpoint-resolved spectroscopyTCAtricarboxylic acid