Neuropsychological measures used
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
| Wechsler Full Scale IQ | The WISC-III was used for ages 6–16; the WAIS-III was used for ages 17 and older |
| Wechsler Block Design | A visual-constructional task using colored blocks |
| Wechsler Vocabulary | A language task that requires the subject to provide word definitions |
| Wechsler Digit Span | A test of attention/working memory requiring repetition of number sequences in forward and reverse order |
| Wechsler Coding | This is a 2-minute timed processing-speed task that requires the individual to copy symbols quickly |
| WJ-III Letter-Word Identification | A measure of letter identification and single-word reading |
| WJ-III Calculation | A measure of written mathematic computation skills |
| WJ-III Story Recall | A measure of immediate memory for increasingly complex stories that are presented using an audio recording |
| D-KEFS Trail Making Test 4 (number-letter switching) | A measure of flexible thinking that requires alternating attention, visual scanning, and motor speed |
| D-KEFS Verbal Fluency Test | Timed measures of language fluency (letter fluency, category fluency, and category switching) |
| D-KEFS Tower Test | A measure of spatial problem-solving that requires planning, rule learning, and inhibition of impulsive responding |
Note:—WISC-III indicates Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition38; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition39; WJ-III, Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement40; D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System.41