Findings that are suspicious for BCVI and should trigger screening
| Cervical spine fractures with C1-C3 vertebral fracture |
| Extension into transverse foramen or lateral elements of vertebra |
| Luxation/subluxation or distraction mechanism |
| Closed head injury with diffuse axonal injury |
| Neurologic examinations incongruent with brain imaging |
| Stroke or transient ischemic attack |
| Horner syndrome |
| Basilar skull fracture with involvement of carotid canal, foramen lacerum |
| Severe maxillofacial fracture |
| Carotid or vertebral artery perivascular hematoma |
| Neck soft tissue injury (eg, seatbelt injury or hanging) |
Note:—BCVI indicates blunt carotid and vertebral artery injury.
From Utter et al9, Cothren et al10, Miller et al14, and Sliker et al15.