Clinical presentation before and functional outcome after endovascular therapy
| Patient No. | Age | Sex | Localization | Signs/Symptoms at Presentation | Signs/Symptoms after Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 d | M | VoG, c | Cardiac failure | Improved cardiac function |
| 2 | 5 mo | M | VoG, m | Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis | Increased intermittent left-sided exotropia |
| 3 | 7 mo | F | Dural AVF | Incidental finding in work-up for subglottic hemangioma | ND |
| 4 | 9 mo | F | R frontal AVM | Incidental finding in work-up for family history of HHT | ND |
| 5 | 11 mo | F | Torcular AVF | Increasing head circumference | ND |
| 6 | 2 y | F | VoG, c | Gross motor delay | ND |
| 7 | 3 y | M | VoG, c | Macrocephaly, mild dysmetria | ND |
| 8 | 3 y | M | R frontal AVM | Headaches | ND |
| 9 | 6 y | M | R cerebellar AVM | Seizures | ND |
| 10 | 6 y | F | L para-/intraspinal AVM | Headaches | Progressive L upper extremity proximal weakness |
| 11 | 9 y | M | R parietal AVM | Complex partial seizures | ND |
| 12 | 10 y | F | L frontal AVM | Incidental finding on MRI | ND |
| 13 | 12 y | F | R temporal AVM | Altered mental status | ND |
| 14 | 14 y | F | Splenial AVM | Headaches, nausea, vomiting | ND |
| 15 | 18 y | M | Spinal AVM | Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, leg overgrowth and weakness, cognitive impairment | ND |
Note:—mo indicates months; d, days; VoG, vein of Galen malformation; c, choroidal type; m, mural type; ND, no (new) deficits; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; HHT, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; MRI, MR imaging; AVF, atriovenous fistula; L, left; R, right; y, year.