MRS application in AD diagnosisa
| Reference | Method | Field (T) | Region | Application | Finding (AD versus NC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Watanabe et al69 | PRESS | 1.5 | Hippocampus, PCG, occipital lobe | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↓ tCr↓ ★ |
| Kantarci et al60 | PRESS | 1.5 | PCG | AD, postmortem | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA → |
| Block et al53 | 2D-MRSI | 1.5 | Hippocampus, temporal lobe, occipital lobe | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA → |
| Kantarci et al61 | PRESS | 1.5, 3.0 | PCG | AD, MCI | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑ Glx → |
| Chantal et al54 | PRESS | 1.5 | MTL, prefrontal cortex, and parietotemporal | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA↓ mI↑ ★ |
| Hattori et al58 | PRESS | 3.0 | PCG, parieto-occipital white matter | AD, NC | NAA↓ Glx↓ |
| Jessen et al67 | PRESS | 1.5 | MTL | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA → tCr → ★ |
| Garcia Santos et al55 | PRESS | 1.5 | PCG | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ TMA → mI → |
| Hancu et al57 | J-PRESS | 3.0 | PCG | AD, NC | NAA↓ Glu → |
| Dixon et al63 | STEAM | 2.0 | Hippocampus | AD, NC | NAA↓ ★ |
| Schott et al62 | PRESS | 1.5 | PCG | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA → |
| Antuono et al52 | PRESS | 0.5 | PCG | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑TMA → Glx↓ |
| Godbolt et al56 | PRESS | 1.5 | PCG | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ |
| Jessen et al66 | PRESS | 1.5 | MTL | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ TMA↓ tCr↓ ★ |
| Siger et al70 | 2D-MRSI | 1.5 | Frontal WM, parietal WM | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ |
| Ackl et al51 | PRESS | 1.5 | Parietal WM, parietal GM, hippocampus | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ |
| Falini et al64 | WBNAA | 1.5 | Whole brain | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ ★ |
| Frederick et al71 | PRESS | 1.5 | Temporal lobe | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ mI → TMA → |
| Christiansen et al93 | STEAM | 1.5 | Hippocampus | AD, NC | T2 values↓ |
| Chantal et al77 | PRESS | 1.5 | MTL, prefrontal cortex, and parietotemporal | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓TMA↓ mI↑ ★ |
| Huang et al65 | STEAM | 1.5 | Parietal lobe, occipital lobe | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑TMA → tCr↑★ |
| Schuff et al68 | 2D-MRSI | 1.5 | Frontoparietal region | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA → tCr → ★ |
| Parnetti et al72 | STEAM | 1.5 | Temporal GM, frontal WM | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA → mI↑ tCr → ★ |
| Frederick et al94 | STEAM | 1.5 | Parietal lobe, temporal lobe | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA → |
| Jessen et al59 | PRESS | 1.5 | Parietal GM, MTL | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA↓ |
| Rose et al73 | STEAM | 2.0 | Parietal midline | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA → tCr → |
| Kantarci et al74 | PRESS | 1.5 | PCG, temporal lobe, occipital lobe | AD, MCI, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑ |
| Haley et al95 | STEAM | 1.5 | Frontal WM | AD, NC | NAA↓TMA → |
| MacKay et al75 | 2D-MRSI | 2.0 | GM, WM | AD, NC | NAA↓ TMA↑ |
| Schuff et al76 | 2D-MRSI | 1.5 | Hippocampus | AD, NC | NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑ |
Note:—NC indicates healthy control; PRESS-J, TE-averaged PRESS; MTL, mesial temporal lobe; WBNAA, Whole-brain NAA; ↑, significantly increased; ↓, significantly decreased; →, no significant differences; NC, normal controls; PCG, posterior cingulate gyrus.
↵a Metabolite concentrations are ratios to tCr, unless a star indicates that the metabolite level has been calculated by reference to the water signal instead.