Factors associated with achieving an optimal epidurograma
| Factor | Optimal Epidurogram Achieved? | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 34) | No (n = 38) | ||
| Needle angle (mean [SD]) | 48.2 (7.3) | 45.2 (6.8) | .08 |
| Foraminal level (% [n]) | .80 | ||
| Upper thoracic (T3–4 to T6–7) | 37 (13 of 35) | 63 (22 of 35) | |
| Lower thoracic (T7–8 to T12–L1) | 56 (20 of 36) | 44 (16 of 36) | |
| Laterality (% [n]) | .16 | ||
| Right | 55 (21 of 38) | 45 (17 of 38) | |
| Left | 38 (13 of 34) | 62 (21 of 34) | |
| Needle-tip position (% [n]) | .005 | ||
| Foraminal VES | 29 (10 of 34) | 63 (24 of 38) | |
| Spinal canal VES | 71 (24 of 34) | 37 (14 of 38) | |
↵a Optimal epidurogram is defined as reaching the middle third of the spinal canal VES.