Patient demographics and comorbidities
| Patient Characteristics (No.) (%)a | IOCM (n = 4042) | LOCM (n = 38,130) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 69.1 | (13.8) | 67.2 | (14.6) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2083 | (51.5) | 20,140 | (52.8) |
| Female | 1959 | (48.5) | 17,988 | (47.2) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 3058 | (75.7) | 28,995 | (76.0) |
| Black | 501 | (12.4) | 4652 | (12.2) |
| Other | 483 | (11.9) | 4483 | (11.8) |
| Insurance | ||||
| Commercial | 174 | (4.3) | 2020 | (5.3) |
| Medicare | 2619 | (64.8) | 22,347 | (58.6) |
| Medicaid | 334 | (8.3) | 3907 | (10.2) |
| Managed care | 670 | (16.6) | 6726 | (17.6) |
| Other | 245 | (6.1) | 3130 | (8.2) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index scoreb | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.6 | (2.2) | 4.5 | (2.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| Stage 1 | 6 | (0.1) | 34 | (0.1) |
| Stage 2 | 33 | (0.8) | 319 | (0.8) |
| Stage 3 | 363 | (9.0) | 2067 | (5.4) |
| Stage 4 | 81 | (2.0) | 293 | (0.8) |
| Unspecified | 274 | (6.8) | 1574 | (4.1) |
| Record of acute kidney injury | ||||
| On admission | 405 | (10.0) | 2929 | (7.7) |
| In previous admission | 37 | (0.9) | 321 | (0.8) |
↵a All values reported as No. (%) unless otherwise noted.
↵b The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score is calculated using 31 categories of comorbidities associated with mortality and is based on International Classification of Diseases 9 and 10 codes. Each comorbidity category is dichotomous and includes heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and so forth.