Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Etiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma

  • Otology
  • Published:
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cholesteatoma is a destructive lesion of the temporal bone that gradually expands and causes complications by erosion of the adjacent bony structures. Bone resorption can result in destruction of the ossicular chain and otic capsule with consecutive hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, facial paralysis and intracranial complications. Surgery is the only treatment of choice. The etiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma, however, is still controversial. This review was designed to understand the reasons for these disparities and to reduce or eliminate them. Future studies focused on developmental, epidemiological, hormonal and genetic factors as well as on treatment are likely to contribute to further understanding of cholesteatoma pathogenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abramson M (1964) Collagenolytic activity in middle ear cholesteatoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 78: 112–124

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abramson M, Huang CC (1977) Localization of collagenase in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 87: 771–791

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahn JM, Huang CC, Abramson M (1990) Interleukin-1 causing bone destruction in middle ear cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 103: 527–536

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aimi K (1983) Role of the tympanic ring in the pathogenesis of congenital cholesteatoma. Laryn-goscope 93: 1140–1146

  5. Akimoto R, Pawankar R, Yagi T, Baba S (2000) Acquired and congenital choleteatoma: determination of tumor nectosis factor-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-1-alpha and lymphocyte functional antigen-1 in the inflammatory process. ORL 62: 257–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Albino AP, Reed JA, Bogdany JK, Sassoon J, Desloge RB, Parisier SC (1998) Expression of p53 protein in human middle ear cholesteatomas: pathogenetic implications. Am J Otol 19: 30–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Albino AP, Reed JA, Bogdany JK, Sassoon J, Parisier SC (1998) Increased numbers of mast cells in human middle ear. cholesteatomas: implications for treatment. Am J Otol 9: 266–272

    Google Scholar 

  8. Albino PA, Kimmelmann CP, Parisier SC (1998) Cholesteatoma: a molecular and cellular puzzle. Am J Otol 19: 7–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Amling M, Delling G (1996) Zellbiologie des Osteoklasten und molekulare Mechanismen der Knochenresorption. Pathologe 17: 358–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Arriaga MA, Dixon P (1998) Cytotoxicity of cytokeratin monoclonal antibody against kera-tinocytes: a possible therapeutic adjunct for cholesteatoma? Am J Otol 19: 26–29

  11. Austin DF (1969) Types and indications of staging. Arch Otolaryngol 89: 235–242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Baki FA, El Dine MB, El Saiid I, Bakry M (2002) Sinus tympani endoscopic anatomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127: 158–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Banerjee AR, James R, Narula AA (1998) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cholesteatoma and deep meatal skin. Clin Otolaryngol 23: 345–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Banerjee AR, James R, Narula AA, Lee RJ (1998) Matrixmetalloproteinase-1 in cholesteatoma, middle ear granulations and deep meatal skin: a comparative analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 23: 515–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bezold F (1890) Cholesteatom, Perforation der Membrana flaccida und Tubenverschluß. Z Hals Nasen Ohrenheilk 20: 5–29

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bravo R, Frank R, Blundell P, McDonald-Bravo H (1987) Cyclin/PCNA is the auxillary protein of DANN polymerase-delta. Nature 326: 515–517

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bujia J, Holly A, Schilling V, Negri B, Pitzke P, Schulz P (1993) Aberrant expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in aural cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 103: 326–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bujia J, Holly A, Kim C, Sudhoff H, Ostos P, Kastenbauer E (1996) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human middle ear cholesteatoma: An analysis of protein production and gene expression. Am J Otol 17: 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bujia J, Schilling V, Holly A, Stammberger M, Kastenbauer E (1993) Hyperproliferation-associated keratin expression in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 113: 364–368

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bujía J, Holly A, Sudhoff H, Antolí- Candela F, Tapia MG, Kastenbauer E (1996) Identification of proliferating keratinocytes in middle ear cholesteatoma using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. ORL Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 58: 23–26

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bujia J, Kim C, Ostos P, Sudhoff H, Kastenbauer E, Hültner I (1996) Interleukin-1 (Il-1) and Il-1-R antagonist (Il-1-RA) in middle ear cholesteatoma: an analysis of protein production and biological activity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 253: 252–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bujia J, Sudhoff H, Holly A, Hildmann H, Kastenbauer E (1996) Immunohistochemical detection of proliferation cell nuclear antigen in middle ear cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 253: 21–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chambers TJ, Darby JA, Fuller K (1985) Mammalian collagenase predisposes bone surfaces to osteoclastic resorption. Cell Tissue Res 241: 671–675

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chole RA (1993) Bone resorption in aural cholesteatoma. In: Fourth International Conference on Cholesteatoma and Mastoid Surgery. Kugler, Amsterdam, pp 79–83

  25. Chole RA, Frush D (1982) Quantitative studies of eustachian tube epithelium during experimental vitamin A deprivation and reversal. Kugler, Amsterdam

  26. Chole RA, Tinling SP (1985) Basal lamina breaks in the histogenesis of cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 95: 270–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chole RA, Henry KR, McGinn MD (1981) Cholesteatoma: spontaneous occurence in the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. Am J Otol 2: 204–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Choufani G, Mahillon V, Decaestecker C, Lequeux T, Danguy A, Salmon I, Gabius H-J, Hassid S, Kiss R (1999) Determination of the levels of expression of sarcolectin and calcyclin and of the percentages of apoptotic but not proliferating cells to enable distinction between recurrent and nonrecurrent cholesteatomas. Laryngoscope 109: 1825–1831

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chung JW, Yoon TH (1998) Different production of interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 from cholesteatomatous and normal epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 118: 386–391

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cinamon U, Kronenberg J, Benayahu D (2000) Structural changes and protein expression in the mastoid bone adjacent to cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 110: 1198–1203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. The Committee of Conservation of Hearing of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (1965) Standard classification for surgery of chronic ear disease. Arch Otolaryngol 81: 204–205

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cruveilhier J (1829) Anatomie pathologique du corps humain. Bailliere, Paris

  33. Dallari S, Cavani A, Bergamini G, Girolomoni G (1994) Integrin expression in middle ear cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 114: 188–192

    Google Scholar 

  34. Darrouzet V, Duclos J-Y, Portmann D, Bebear J-P (2002) Congenital middle ear cholesteatomas in children: our experience in 34 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126: 34–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Derlacki EL, Clemis JD (1965) Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear and mastoid. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 74: 706–727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Desloge RB, Carew JF, Finstad CL, Steiner MG, Sassoon J, Levenson MJ, Staiano-Coico L, Parisier SC, Albino AP (1997) DNA analysis of human cholesteatomas. Am J Otol 18: 155–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. DuVerney JG (1683) Traite de l'organe de l'ouie, contenant Structure. Les ufages et leas maladies des toutes les parties de l'orelle. E. Michallet, Paris

  38. Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR (1999) Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermat 10: 119–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ergun S, Carsloo B, Zheng X (1999) Apoptosis in meatal skin, cholesteatoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the ear. Clin Otolaryngol 24: 280–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Felix R, Fleisch H, Elford PR (1989) Bone-resorbing cytokines enhance release of macrophage colony stimulating activity by the osteoblastic cell MC3T3-E1. Calcif Tissue Int 44: 356–360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fransson J, Hammar H (1992) Epidermal growth in skin equivalent. Arch Dermatol Res 284: 343–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Friedmann I (1955) The comparative pathology of otitis media—experimental and human. II. The histopathology of experimental otitis of the guinea pig, with particular reference to experimental cholesteatoma. J Laryngol Otol 69: 588–601

    Google Scholar 

  43. Friedmann I (1971) Epidermoid cholesteatoma and cholesterol granuloma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 68: 57–80

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fujioka C, Huang CC (1994) Platelet-derived growth factor in middle ear cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 251: 199–204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Grundfast KM, Ahuja GS, Parisier SC, Culver SM (1995) Delayed diagnosis and fate of congenital cholesteatoma (keratoma). Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121: 903–907

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Habermann J (1888) Zur Entstehung des Cholesteatoms des Mittelohres. Arch Ohrenheilkd 27: 43–51

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hayashida T, Iwamori M, Kitsuwa T, Nagai Y, Nomura Y (1984) Biochemical study of cholesteatoma and cholesterol granuloma occurrence of delta 7 cholesterol in the tissue of cholesteatoma. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 46: 242–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Holly A, Sittinger M, Bujia J (1995) Immunohistochemical demonstration of c-myc oncogene product in middle ear cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 252: 366–369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Huang CC, Yi ZX, Chao WY (1988) Effects of granulation tissue conditioned medium on the in-vitro differentiation of keratinocytes. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 245: 325–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Huang T, Yan SD, Huang CC (1989) Colony-stimulating factor in middle ear cholesteatoma. Am J Otolaryngol 10: 393–398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ishibashi T, Shinogami M, Kaga K, Fukaya T (1997) Keratinocyte growth factor and receptor mRNA expression in cholesteatoma of the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 117: 714–718

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jung JY, Chole RA (2002) Bone resorption in chronic otitis media: the role of the osteoclast. ORL 64: 95–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kakoi H, Tamagawa Y, Kitamura K, Anniko M, Hiraide F, Kitajima Y (1995) Cytokeratin expression patterns by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis in pars flaccida cholesteatoma and pars tensa cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 115: 804–810

    Google Scholar 

  54. Karmody CS, Bybhatti SV, Vltonen H, Northrop C (1998) The origin of congenital cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 19: 292–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kato A, Ohashi Y, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Uekawa M, Nakai Y (1998) Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha synthesized by cholesteatoma cells affect mucociliary function in the eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] 538: 90–97

  56. Kayhan FT, Mutlu C, Schachern PA, Le CT, Paparella MM (1997) Significance of epidermoid formations in the middle ear in fetuses and children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123: 1293–1297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kemppainen HO, Puhakka HJ, Laippala PJ, Sipila MM, Manninen MP, Karma PH (1999) Epidemiology and aetiology of middle ear cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol 119: 568–572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kim CS, Chung JW (1999) Morphologic and biologic changes of experimentally induced cholesteatoma in Mongolian gerbils with anticytokeratin and lectin study. Am J Otol 20: 13–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kim H-J, Tinling SP, Chole RA (2001) Expression patterns of cytokeratins in retraction pocket cholesteatomas. Laryngoscope 111: 1032–1036

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim H-J, Tinling SP, Chole RA (2002) Expression patterns of cytokeratins in cholesteatomas: evidence of increased migration and proliferation. J Korean Med Sci 17: 381–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kojima H, Tanaka Y, Tanaka T, Miyazaki H, Shiwa M, Kamide Y, Moriyama H (1998) Cell proliferation and apoptosis in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124: 261–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kojima H, Miyazaki H, Shiwa M, Tanaka Y, Moriyama H (2001) Molecular biological diagnosis of congenital and aquired cholesteatoma on the basis of differences in telomere length. Laryngoscope 111: 867–873

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Koltai PJ, Nelson M, Castellon RJ, Garabedian E-N, Triglia J-M, Roman S, Roger G (2002) The natural history of congenital cholesteatoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128: 804–809

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kountakis SE, Chang CYJ, Gormley WB, Cabral FR (2000) Migration of indtradural epidermoid matrix: embryologic implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123: 170–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kuijpers W, Vennix PP, Peters TA, Ramaekers FC (1996) Squamous metaplasia of the middle ear epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 116: 293–298

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lang S, Schilling V, Wollenberg B, Mack B, Nerlich A (1997) Localization of transforming growth factor-beta-expressing cells and comparison with major extracellular components in aural cholesteatoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106: 669–673

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lange W (1925) Über die Entstehung der Mittelohrcholesteatoma. Z Hals Nas Ohrenheilk 11: 250–271

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lee TS, Liang JN, Michaels L, Wright A (1998) The epidermoid formation and its affinity to congenital cholesteatoma. Clin Otolaryngol 23: 449–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Levenson MJ, Parisier SC, Chute P, S. W, Juarbe CA (1986) A review of 20 congenital cholesteatomas of the middle ear in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 94: 560–567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Levine JL, Wright CG, Pawlowski KS, Meyerhoff WL (1998) Postnatal persistence of epidermoid rests in the human middle ear. Laryngoscope 108: 70–73

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lim D, Birck H, Saunders W (1977) Aural cholesteatoma and epidermization: a fine morphological study. In: McCabe BF, Sade J, Abramson M (eds) Cholesteatoma. First Intenational Conference. Aesculapius, Briminham, pp 233–252

  72. Lucae A (1873) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Perlgeschwülste des Felsenbeins. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk Hk 7: 255

    Google Scholar 

  73. Masaki M, Wright CG, Lee DH, Meyerhoff ML (1989) Epidermal ingrowth through tympanic membrane following middle ear application of propylene glycol. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 108: 169–174

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mc Cawley LJ, O'Brien P, Hudson LG (1998) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and scatter factor factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF)-madiated keratinocyte migration is coincident with induction of matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. J Cell Physiol 176: 255–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. McGill TJ, S. Merchant, G. B. Healy, Friedman EM (1991) Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear in children: a clinical and histopathological report. Laryngoscope 101: 606–613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. McKennan KX, Chole RA (1989) Post-traumatic cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 99: 779–782

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Meyerhoff WL, Truelson J (1986) Cholesteatoma staging. Laryngoscope 96: 935–939

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Michaels L (1986) An epidermoid formation in the developing middle ear; possible source of cholesteatoma. J Otolarnygol 15: 169–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Michaels L (1987) Cholesteatoma. Ear, Nose Throat Histopathology. Springer, New York Heidelberg Berlin

  80. Michaels L (1988) Origin of congenital cholesteatoma from a normally occurring epidermoid rest in the developing middle ear. Int J Pediatric Otolaryngol 15: 51–65

    Google Scholar 

  81. Milewski C, Fedorowski A, Stan AC, Walter GF (1998) Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) in the perimatrix of cholesteatoma. HNO 46: 804–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mills RP, Padgham ND (1991) Management of childhood cholesteatoma. J Laryngol Otol 105: 343–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Miyazaki H, Kojima H, Tanaka Y, Shiwa M, Koga T, Moriyama H (1999) Terminal differentiation of epithelial cells in middle ear choleseatoma: investigation of patterns of expression of protein kinase C-? and protein kinase C-? Laryngoscope 109: 1785–1792

  84. Mizutani H, Ohyanagi S, Hayashi T, Groves RW, Suzuki K, Shimizu M (1996) Functional thrombomodulin expression on epithelial skin tumors as a differentiation marker for suprabasal keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 135: 187–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Müller J (1838) Über den feineren Bau und die Formen der krankhaften Geschwülste. Reimer, Berlin

  86. Myers EN, Park K, Chun Y, Lee D, Hwang S (1999) Signal transduction pathway in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120: 899–904

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Negri B, Schilling V, Bujia J, Schulz P, Kastenbauer E (1992) Immunotype findings in macrophages in aural cholesteatomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 249: 87–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Nelson M, Roger G, Koltai PJ, Garabedian E-N, Triglia J-M., Roman S, Castellon RJ, Hammel JP (2002) Congenital cholesteatoma: classification, management, and outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128: 810–814

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nemes Z, Steinert PM (1999) Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier. Exp Mol Med 31: 5–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Northrop C, Piza J, Eavey RD (1986) Histological observations of amniotic fluid cellular content in the ear of neonates and infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 11: 113–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Olszewska E, Chodynicki S, Chyczewski L (2003) Some markers of proliferative activity in cholesteatoma epithelium in adults. Otolaryngol Pol 57: 85–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Orisek BS, Chole RA (1987) Pressures exerted by experimental cholesteatomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113: 386–391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ottaviani F, Sambataro G, Mantovani M, Lavezzi AM, Matturi L (1989) Middle ear cholesteatoma. A cytodiagnostic study of cellular proliferative activity. Kugler and Ghedini, Amsterdam

  94. Ottaviani F, Neglia CB, Berti E (1999) Cytokines and adhesion molecules in middle ear cholestetoma. A role in epithelial growth? Acta Otolaryngol 119: 462–467

  95. Palva T, Taskinen E (1990) Inflammatory cells in chronic middle ear disease. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 109: 124–129

    Google Scholar 

  96. Paparella MM, Rybak L (1978) Congenital cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 11: 113–120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Parisier SC, Levenson MJ, Edelstein DR, Bindra GS, Han JC, Dolitsky JN (1989) Management of congenital pediatric cholesteatomas. Am J Otol 10: 121–123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Park HJ, Park K (1999) Expression of Fas/APO-1 and apoptosis of keratinocytes in human cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 109: 613–616

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Park K, Chun Y-M, Park H-J, Lee Y-D (1999) Immunohistochemical study of cell proliferation using BrdU labeling on tympanic membrane, external auditory canal and induced cholesteatoma in Mongolian gerbils. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 119: 874–879

    Google Scholar 

  100. Park K, Park H-J, Chun Y-M (2001) Immunohistochemical study on proliferative activity of expwrimental cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 258: 101–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Paukkonen K, Naukkarinen A, Horsmanheimo M (1995) The development of manifest psoriatic lesions is linked with the appearance of ICAM-1 positivity on keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 287: 165–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Polakowska RP, Placentini M, Bartlett R, Goldsmith LA, Haake AR (1994) Apoptosis in human skin development: morphogenesis periderm and stemcells. Dev Dynamics 199: 176–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Potsic WP, Wetmore RF, March RR (1997) Congenital cholesteatoma: 15 years experience at the childrens hospital of Philadelphia. In: Fifth International Conference on Cholesteatoma and Mastoid Surgery. CIC Edizioni Internationali, Rome, pp 422–431

  104. Potsic WP, Korman SB, Samadi DS, Wetmore RF (2002) Congenital cholesteatoma: 20-year experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126: 409–414

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Quantin L, Fernández SC, Moretti J (2002) Congenital cholesteatoma of external auditory canal. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 62: 175–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rashad U, Hawthorne M, Kumar U, Welsh A (1999) Unusual cases of congenital cholesteatoma of the ear. J Laryngol Otol 131: 52–54

    Google Scholar 

  107. Ratnesar P (1977) Aeration: a factor in the sequele of chronic ear disease along the Labrador and northern Newfoundland Coast. In: McCabe B, Sade J, Abramson M (eds) Cholesteatoma: First international conference. Aesculapius, Birmingham, pp 302–307

  108. Remak R (1854) Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geschwulste. Deutsche Klin 6: 170

    Google Scholar 

  109. Richardson AC, Tinling SP, Chole RA (1993) Risedronate activity in the fetal and neonatal mouse. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 109: 623–633

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Roach HI (1994) Why does bone matrix contain non collagenous proteins? The possible roles of osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein in bone mineralisation and resorption. Cell Biol Int 18: 617–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Robey PG, Boskey AL (1996) The biochemistry of bone: review. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

    Google Scholar 

  112. Robinson AC, Hawke M (1991) The motility of keratinocytes in cholesteatoma: an ultrastructural approach to epithelial migration. J Otolaryngol 20: 353–359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ruedi L (1978) Pathogenesis and surgical treatment of the middle ear cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 361: 1–45

  114. Sadé J (1979) The atelectatic ear. Churchill Livingstone, New York

  115. Sadé J (1971) Cellular differentiation in the middle ear lining. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 80: 376

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Sadé J, Berco E, Buyanover D, Brown M (1981) Ossicular damage in chronic middle-ear inflammation. Acta Otolaryngol 92: 273–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Sadé J (2000) The buffering effect of middle ear negative pressure by retraction of the pars tensa. Am J Otol 21: 20–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Saleh HA, Mills RP (1999) Classification and staging of cholesteatoma. Clin Otolaryngol 24: 355–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Sanna M, Mazzoni A, Landolfi M, Aristegni M (1994) Treatment of petrous bone cholesteatoma. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 45: 143–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Schilling V, Negri B, Bujia J, Schulz P, Kastenbauer E (1992) Possible role of interleukin 1a and interleukin 1b in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma of middle ear. Am J Otol 13: 350–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Schimdt M, Grünsfelder, Hoppe F (2000) Induction of matrix metalloproteinases in keratinocytes by cholesteatoma debris and granulation issue extracts. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257: 425–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schimdt M, Grünsfelder, Hoppe F (2001) Up-regulation of matrix metalloprotease-9 in middle ear cholesteatoma: correlations with growth factor expression in vivo? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 258: 472–476

  123. Schönermark M, Mester B, Kempf HG, Blaser J, Tschesche H, Lenarz T (1996) Expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human cholesteatomas. Acta Otolaryngol 116: 451–456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Schuknecht HF (1993) Pathology of the ear, Series 2. Lea and Feabinger, Philadelphia

  125. Sheikholeslam- Zadeh R, Decaestecker C, Delbrouck C, Danguy A, Salmon I, Zick Y, Kaltner H, Hassid S, Gabius H-J, Kiss R, Choufani G (2001) The levels of expression of galectin- 3, but not of galectin- 1 and galectin- 8, correlate with apoptosis in human cholesteatomas. Laryngoscope 111: 1042–1047

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Shinoda H, Huang CC (1995) Expressions of c-jun and p53 proteins in human middle ear cholesteatoma: relationship to keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Laryngoscope 105: 1232–1237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Soyer HP, Smolle J, Smolle- Juettner FM, Kerl H (1989) Proliferation antigens in cutaneous melanocytic tumors: an immunohistochemical study comparing the transferrin receptor and the Ki-67 antigen. Dermatologica 173: 3–9

    Google Scholar 

  128. Srinivasan V, Banhegyi G, O'Sullivan G, Shermann IW (2000) Pars tensa retraction pockets in children: treatment by excision and ventilation tube insertion. Clin Otolaryngol 25: 253–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Stark T, Sudhoff H, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Borkowski G, Luckhaupt H, Hildmann H (1997) Alterations of basement membrane in middle ear cholesteatoma. In: Sanna M (ed) Fifth international conference on cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. CIC Edizioni Internationali, Rome, pp 238–247

  130. Steinbach E (1982) Experimental studies on cholesteatoma formation. Kugler, Amsterdam

  131. Steinbach E, Hildmann, H. (1972) Re-use of incus in cholesteatoma and in chronic mucosal disease. Z Laryngol Rhinol 51: 659–664

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sudhoff H, Tos M (2000) Pathogenesis of attic cholesteatoma: clinical and immunohistochemical support for combination of retration theory and proliferation theory. Am J Otol 21: 786–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Sudhoff H, Linthicum FHJ (2001) Cholesteatoma behind an intact tympanic membrane: histopathologic evidence for a tympanic membrane origin. Otol Neurotol 22: 444–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Sudhoff H, Hildmann H (2003) Gegenwärtige Theorien zur Cholesteatomentstehung. HNO 51: 71–83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Sudhoff H, Bujia J, Holly A, Kim C, Fisseler-Eckhoff A (1994) Functional characterization of middle ear mucosa residues in cholesteatoma samples. Am J Otol 15: 217–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Sudhoff H, Bujia J, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Schulz-Flake C, Holly A, Hildmann H (1995) Expression of the cell-cycle-related antigen (MIB 1) in cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin. Laryngoscope 105: 1227–1231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Sudhoff H, Bujia J, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Borkowski G, Holly A, Koc C, Hildmann H (1996) Basement membrane in middle ear cholesteatoma. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105: 804–810

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Sudhoff H, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Borkowski G, Luckhaupt H, Stark T, Hildmann H (1997) Cholesteatoma and angiogenesis. In: Sanna Me (ed) Fifth international conference on cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. CIC Edizioni Internationali, Rome, pp 264–272

  139. Sudhoff H, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Stark T, Borkowski G, Luckhaupt H, Cooper J, Michaels L (1997) Agyrophilic nuclear organizer regions in auditory skin and cholesteatoma. Clin Otolaryngol 6: 545–548

    Google Scholar 

  140. Sudhoff H, Dazert S, Gonzales AM, Borkowski G, Park SY, Baird A, Hildmann H, Ryan AF (2000) Angiogenesis and angiogenic growth factors in middle ear cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 21: 793–798

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Svane-Knudsen V, Halkier-Sorensen L, Rasmussen G, Ottosen PD (2001) Cholesteatoma: a morphologic study of stratum corneum lipids. Acta Otolaryngol 121: 602–606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Tanaka Y, Kojima H, Miyazaki H, Koga T, Moriyama H (1999) Roles of cytokines and cell cycle regulating substances in proliferation of cholesteatoma epithelium. Laryngoscope 109: 1102–1107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Teed RW (1936) Cholesteatoma verum tympani: its relationship to the first epibranchial placode. Arch Otolaryngol 24: 455–474

    Google Scholar 

  144. Tos M (1988) Incidence, etiology and pathogenesis of cholesteatoma in children. Otol Rhinol Laryngol 40: 110–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Tos M (1993) Manual of middle ear surgery. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York

  146. Tos M (2000) A new pathogenesis of mesotympanic (congenital) cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 110: 1890–1897

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Tos M, Lau T (1989) Recurrence and the condition of the cavity after surgery for cholesteatoma using various techniques. Kugler and Ghedini, Amsterdam

  148. Tos M, Stangerup S-E, Larsen P, Siim C, Andreassen U (1989) The relationship between secretory otitis and cholesteatoma. In: Tos M, Thomsan J, Peiteresen E (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. Kugler Ghedini, Amsterdam pp 325–330

  149. von Tröltsch A (1864) The diseases of the ear, their diagnosis and treatment. William Wood, New York

  150. Van Den Oord JJ, De Ley M, De Wolf-Peeters C (1993) Distribution of gamma interferon receptors in normal and active psoriatic skin. In: Schlossman SF BL, Gilks W, et al (eds) Fifth international workshop and conference. Oxford University Press, Boston, pp 1994–1995

  151. Vennix PP, Kuijpers W, Peters TA, Tonnaer EL, Ramaekers FC (1996) Keratinocyte differentiation in acquired cholesteatoma and perforated tympanic membranes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122: 825–832

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Virchow R (1855) Über Perlgeschwülste (Cholesteatoma Joh. Müller). p 371

  153. Wang RG, Hawke M, Kwok P (1987) The epidermoid formation (Michaels structure) in the developing middle ear. J Otolaryngol 16: 327–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Wendt H (1873) Desquamative Entzündung des Mittelohres ("Cholesteatom des Felsenbeins"). Arch Ohr Nasen Kehlkopfheilk 14: 428–446

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wittmaack K (1933) Wie entsteht ein genuines Cholesteatom? Arch Otorhinolaryngol 137: 306

  156. Wright CG, Meyerhoff WL, Burns DK (1985) Middle ear cholesteatoma: an animal model. Am J Otolaryngol 6: 327–341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Wright CG, Bird LL, Meyerhoff WL (1991) Tympanic membrane microstructure in experimental cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 111: 101–111

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wright CG, Robinson KS, Meyerhoff WL (1996) External and middle ear pathology in TGF-alpha-deficient animals. Am J Otol 17: 360–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Wullstein H (1956) Theory and practice of tympanoplasty. Laryngoscope 66: 1076–1093

    Google Scholar 

  160. Wullstein HL, Wullstein SR (1980) Cholesteatoma. Etiology, nosology and tympanoplasty. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 42: 313–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Yan SD, Huang CC (1991) Lymphotoxin in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 101: 411–415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Yan SD, Huang CC (1991) The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone resoption in cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 12: 82–89

    Google Scholar 

  163. Young MF, Kerr JM, Ibaraki K, Heegaard AM, Robey PG (1992) Structure, expression, and regulation of the major noncollagenous matrix proteins of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 281: 275–294

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland

    Ewa Olszewska

  2. Department of General and Special Pathology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Mathias Wagner

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen

  4. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Jörg Ebmeyer

  5. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, University of Bochum, Bleichstrasse 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany

    Stefan Dazert, Henning Hildmann & Holger Sudhoff

Authors
  1. Ewa Olszewska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mathias Wagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jörg Ebmeyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stefan Dazert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Henning Hildmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Holger Sudhoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Holger Sudhoff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Olszewska, E., Wagner, M., Bernal-Sprekelsen, M. et al. Etiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 261, 6–24 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-003-0623-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-003-0623-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation