Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Range of Motor Activation in the Normal Human Cortex Using Bold fMRI

  • Published:
Brain Topography Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Understanding and documenting the nature of normal human brain functional motor activation using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is necessary, if valid statements are to be made about normal and disease functional states using fMRI activation maps. The present study examines activation maps in ’normal‘ adults. Six healthy adult volunteers performed three motor tasks isolating the tongue, non-dominant foot, and non-dominant thumb during a single magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/(fMRI) scanning session. Group maps demonstrated discrete areas of activation that were task dependent. The degree of variability between the anatomical central location of global maximum intensity for each individual may mean extra care should be applied when using the global maximum to define the area of activation. These differences may represent anatomical variability among individuals, task complexity, paradigm design, data analysis techniques or a combination thereof, which form the basis of our ongoing research endeavors. Standard notions of strongly associated functions as related to anatomic foci may need to be revised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • 1 Alkadhi, H., Crelier, G.R., Boendermaker, S.H., Golay, X., Hepp-Reymond, M.-C. and Kollias, S.S. Reproducibility of primary motor cortex somatotopy under controlled conditions. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 2002, 23: 1524–1532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 2 Barinaga, M. Remapping the motor cortex: the primary motor cortex of the brain does not contain an orderly map of the body but is instead a complex mosaic of neurons controlling different body parts. Science, 1995, 268(5218): 1696–1699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 3 Branco, D.M., Branco, B.M., Coelho, T.M., Calcagnotto, M.E., Palmini, A. and Costa, J.C. Fundamentos e atualidades sobre a interpenetrância de areas motoras corticais. Braz. J. Neurological. Psychiat., 1996, 0: 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • 4 Branco, D.M., Coelho, T.M., Branco, B.M., Schmidt, L., Calcagnotto, M.E., Portguez, M., Neto, E.P., Paglioli, E., Palmini, A., Lima, J.V. and Da Costa, J.C. Functional variability of the human cortical motor map: electrical stimulation findings in perirolandic epilepsy surgery. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2003, 20(1): 17–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 5 Buchner, H., Adams, L., Knepper, A., Ruger, R., Laborde, G., Gilsbach, J.M., Ludwig, I., Reul, J. and Scherg, M. Preoperative localization of the central sulcus by dipole source analysis of early somatosensory evoked potentials and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosurg., 1994, 80(5): 849–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 6 Chainay, H., Krainik, A., Tanguy, M.L., Geradin, E, Le Bihan, D. and Lehericy, S. Foot, face and hand representation in the human supplementary motor area. NeuroReport., 2004, 15(5): 765–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 7 Foerster, O. Motorische Felder und Bahnen. In: H. Bumke and O. Foerster (Eds.), Handbuch der Neurologie IV. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1936, pp. 49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • 8 Fontaine, D., Capelle, L. and Duffau, H. Somatotopy of the supplementary motor area: Evidence from correlation of the extent of surgical resection with the clinical patterns of Deficit. Neurosurgery, 2002, 50(2): 297–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 9 Fox, P.T., Burton, H. and Raichle, M.E. Mapping human somatosensory cortex with positron emission tomography. J. Neurosurg., 1987, 67: 34–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 10 Hughlings, J.J. Convulsive Spasms of the right hand and arm preceding epileptic seizures. Med. Times Gazette, 1863, 1: 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • 11 Lotze, M., Erb, M., Flor, H., Huelsmann, E., Godde, B. and Grodd, W. fMRI evaluation of somatotopic representation in human primary motor cortex. NeuroImage, 2000, 11(5): 473–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 12 Majos, A., Tybor, K., Stefanczyk, L. and Goraj, B. Jun, Cortical mapping by functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with brain tumors. Eur. J. Radiol., 2005, 15(6): 1148–1158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 13 Matthews, P.M., Johansen-Berg, H. and Reddy, H. Non-invasive mapping of brain functions and brain recovery: applying lessons from cognitive neuroscience to neurorehabilitation. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 2004, 22(3–5): 245–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 14 McGonigle, D.J., Howseman, A.M., Athwal, B.S., Friston, K.J., Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Holmes, A.P. Variability in fMRI: an examination of intersession differences. NeuroImage, 2000, 11(6): 708–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 15 Meunier, S., Lehericy, S., Garnero, L. and Vidailhet, M. Dystonia: lessons from brain mapping. The Neuroscientist., 2003 Feb, 9(1): 76–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 16 Morioka, T., Mizushima, A., Yamamoto, T., Tobimatsu, S., Matsumoto, S., Hasuo, K., Fujii, K. and Fukui, M. Functional mapping of the sensorimotor cortex: Combined use of magnetoencephalography, functional MRI, and motor evoked potentials. Neuroradiology, 1995, 37(7): 526–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 17 Morris, K. Remapping the motor cortex: death of a homunuculus?. Lancet Neurol., 2002, 1(7): 402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 18 Penfield, W. and Boldrey, E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerbral cortex of man as studies by electrical stimulation. Brain, 1937, 60(4): 389–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 19 Puce, A. Comparative assessment of sensorimotor function using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological methods. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1995, 12(5): 450–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 20 Puce, A., Constable, R.T., Luby, M.L., McCarthy, G., Nobre, A.C., Spencer, D.D., Gore, J.C. and Allison, T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex: comparison with electrophysiological localization. J. Neurosurg., 1995, 83: 262–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 21 Pujol, J., Conesa, G., Deus, J., Lopez-Obarrio, L., Isamat, F. and Capdevila, A. Clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging in presurgical identification of central sulcus. J. Neurosurg., 1998, 88:863–869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 22 Schad, L.R., Trost, U., Knopp, M.V., Muller, E. and Lorenz, W.J. Motor cortex stimulation measured by magnetic resonance imaging on a standard 1.5 T clinical scanner. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1993, 11(4): 461–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 23 Sobel, D.F. Locating the central sulcus: comparison of MR anatomic and magnetoencephalographic functional methods. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 1993, 14: 915–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 24 Vincent, D.J. and Hurd, M.W. Bioinformatics and functional magnetic resonance imaging in clinical populations: practical aspects of data collections, analysis, interpretation, and management. Neurosurgical Focus., 2005, 19(4): E4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 25 Woods, R.P., Cherry, S.R. and Mazziotta, J.C. Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 1992, 16: 620–633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 26 Yetkin, F.Z., Mueller, W.M., Morris, G.L., McAuliffe, T.L., Ulmer, J.L., Cox, R.W., Daniels, D.L. and Haughton, V.M. Functional MR activation correlated with intraoperative cortical mapping. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 1997, 18: 1311–1315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • 27 Yetkin, F.Z., Papke, R.A., Mark, L.P., Daniels, D.L., Mueller, W.M. and Haughton, V.M. Location of the sensorimotor cortex: Functional and conventional MR compared. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 16: 2109–2113.

  • 28 Yousry, T.A., Schmid, U.D., Jassoy, A.G., Schmidt, D., Eisner, W.E., Reulen, H.J.R. and Reiser, M.F. Topography of the cortical motor hand area: prospective study with functional MR imaging and director motor mapping at surgery. Radiology, 1995, 195(1): 23–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diana J. Vincent Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vincent, D.J., Bloomer, C.J., Hinson, V.K. et al. The Range of Motor Activation in the Normal Human Cortex Using Bold fMRI. Brain Topogr 18, 273–280 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-006-0005-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-006-0005-y

Key words

Navigation