ORIGINAL ARTICLESINFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE HYPERBILIRUBINÆMIA OF INFANTS
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Cited by (378)
Bi-modal system-on-chip platform for bilirubin monitoring by using photometric and temporal degradation approaches
2023, Biomedical Signal Processing and ControlHyperbilirubinemia in infants and cirrhosis in adults remain major global causes of sickness and death, predominantly for people living in areas with poor or limited healthcare resources. Clinically, the two conditions require measuring levels of bilirubin in blood for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. While the existing techniques provide the most comprehensive pathology-lab results, they suffer from complexity and size requirements, and measurements are impractical for point-of-Care (PoC) testing. Furthermore, the existing transcutaneous devices (for neonates) are pricey, preventing the possibility of dissemination for home health care applications. This study uses an integrated and all-inclusive miniature (3.5 × 7.0 mm) system-on-chip platform (MAX86916) to measure bilirubin concentration. On MAX86916 embeds two optical sources (blue LED and green LED) which are utilized for dual-wavelength (DWL) measurement. Furthermore, a new photodegradation kinetics approach was incorporated with DWL approach to enhance the overall system reliability and accuracy. Bilirubin concentration was extracted by monitoring the optical transmission and the photodegradation responses. Measurements were carried out on porcine blood, the best existing surrogate for human blood, and the concentration of bilirubin was maintained within the range of pathophysiological levels (1 mg/dL to 50 mg/dL). The measurement could require a volume of less than 10 µL of a blood sample. Our findings show a good system accuracy of ∼ ±10 % and lay the groundwork for PoC bilirubin monitoring, primarily for hyperbilirubinemia and cirrhosis out of clinics and hospitals.
Recent advances in photo-induced organic synthesis in water
2023, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable ChemistryThe application of water in chemical synthesis has been a hot research field in green and sustainable chemistry. With the development of photochemical synthesis, photocatalysis in water has emerged as a green and efficient approach for organic transformations and new bond formations. Herein, we review recent progress in photo-induced organic synthesis in water, presenting different reaction models and bond formation types. In this regard, carbon–carbon bond and carbon–hereto bond formations, difunctionalization of alkenes, and selective oxidation conducted in water were discussed. The application of the photosynthesis in water in the field of chemobiology and medicine is also briefly described.
A narrative history of photodynamic therapy
2023, Nanomaterials for Photodynamic TherapyIt has been a Sisyphean task to bring and maintain photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the clinic. PDT involves an inherent or applied photochemical agent, aptly termed a photosensitizer (PS), that is inert until activated by the appropriate intensity and wavelength of light. Once the PS is activated, a photodynamic reaction may occur, where energy transfer from the PS can interact with oxygen to strip an outer shell electron and create the highly toxic and relatively long-lived singlet oxygen species. The destructive properties of singlet oxygen can then initiate a cascade of events leading to target ablation by necrosis or apoptosis, vascular shutdown, and ultimately immune response. While this elegant light-based therapy has likely been employed in one form or another since the dawn of medicine, the formal discovery of PDT is attributed to Oscar Raab, a medical student who made this observation serendipitously. Working with his Prof., von Tappeiner, and a group of scientists and clinicians, PDT provided successful cancer therapy as early as 1900 but was subsequently lost to medicine. During the next century, PDT had several brief attempts at rebirth, but it was not until the Herculean efforts of Tom Dougherty that this treatment finally passed muster for appropriate clinical trials and regulatory approval worldwide. This history highlights light-based therapies with a narrative focus on the early scientific and clinical discoveries that form the basis for current PDT and future nanobased PDT applications.
Photodegradation kinetics for bilirubin sensing: New solutions for old problems
2022, Biosensors and Bioelectronics: XBlood bilirubin levels monitoring is essential for the management of liver disease and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Whilst highly accurate, the existing bilirubin measurement techniques do not lend themselves to point-of-care (PoC) applications. To address this challenge, PoC devices using optical methods (mainly transcutaneous technique), have been demonstrated for bilirubin levels determination. Beyond its distinct absorption features used for optical measurements, bilirubin is known for its unique property of a non-catalytic degradation under blue light illumination. This is indeed the basis of blue light phototherapy used to treat or alleviate neonatal jaundice. This work investigates the feasibility of measuring bilirubin concentration using both multi-wavelength (MWL) and photodegradation kinetics approaches. Multi wavelength approach was investigated by correlating the optical responses with the concentration of bilirubin. The degradation approach was investigated by assessing the changes in bilirubin's spectrophotometric characteristics induced by blue light (470 nm) irradiation as a function of optical energy density (up to 3 J/cm2). The solid-state full-range spectroscopy (absorbance, reflectance, photoluminescence, and Raman) and a PoC testing on a system-on-chip are used and a new kinetic model describing the degradation reaction is proposed. Results show that the optical responses and photodegradation features correlated well with bilirubin concentration with R-square greater than 0.9. Additionally, the techniques' performance was examined using the merits of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity parameters (all are greater than 90%). Our analyses suggest that the method is sufficiently enough to provide reliable indications of bilirubin levels. The proposed technique may offer a portable, miniaturized, and facile mean for in-vitro and in-vivo bilirubin monitoring and estimation.
70 years of bilirubin sensing: Towards the point-of- care bilirubin monitoring in cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinemia
2022, Sensors and DiagnosticsBilirubin is clinically confirmed as a biomarker for liver health and has been utilized to implement the prognostic systems for cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinemia. Optical and chemical methods have been developed and are widely used to determine blood bilirubin levels within clinical settings. However, due to their instrument complexity, high cost, and space requirements, the existing bilirubinometric technologies do not lend themselves to point-of-care (PoC) applications within the community settings or for real-time monitoring. Consequently, bilirubin monitoring can only be monitored intermittently, resulting in missed episodes that may otherwise require clinical interventions. This review paper aims to explore potential strategies for real-world point-of-care applications. Part one discusses the metabolic pathway of bilirubin and the epidemiology of liver cirrhosis and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Part two provides a comprehensive review of existing bilirubinometric techniques and highlights the need for point-of-care bilirubin monitoring. Part three develops a theoretical framework for bilirubin spectroscopy. It explores two potential bilirubin measurement approaches: the multiwavelength (based on the distinct optical signatures of bilirubin) and the photodegradation kinetics approach (which relies on bilirubin degradation under blue light irradiation). Part four outlines future recommendations and provides a perspective towards three possible PoC bilirubin measurement devices for real-world applications, including a homecare testing system, a miniature implant and a neonatal wearable patch. These devices provide an opportunity for extending the reach of bilirubin measurement in locations outside hospitals and clinics.
Phototherapy: A critical review
2022, Photophysics and Nanophysics in TherapeuticsPhototherapy is defined as the exposure of small, well-defined anatomical areas to non-ionizing radiations using dichromic lamps, fluorescent lamps, light-emitting diodes, lasers, polychromatic polarized light, or very bright, full-spectrum light for therapeutic use. It includes laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermolysis, and visible light under precise control. More specifically, visible light phototherapy utilizes light of a specific wavelength free of ultraviolet light within the wavelengths ranging 415 to 660 nm. In the past, phototherapy was employed mainly for skin diseases and disorders. The recent developments in the technology demonstrated its applications in various ailments alone or combination with other therapy. Several reports showing the effectiveness of phototherapy for conditions such as mood and sleep disorders, cancer, pre-cancerous conditions, and currently investigations are underway in diabetic retinopathy and hair loss. Depending on the medical conditions and the necessity, different types of phototherapies are used for particular ailment with variations in light intensity and exposure time. The standardization of dosage regimen with respect to light intensity and time of exposure, and quality control is indispensable to avoid impending hazards such as photo damage and skin carcinogenesis. However, the development of improved phototherapeutic modalities and new indications has emerged as integral therapeutic component. The purpose of this chapter is to compile all the minute details of phototherapy, including its limitations and safety concerns for providing sensitive and real-time insight.