Original articleMultimodality Comparison of Neuroimaging in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and is responsible annually for more than 500,000 emergency room visits, approximately 95,000 hospital admissions, 7000 deaths, and 29,000 permanent disabilities. The majority of children with traumatic brain injury present with minor head trauma and a single, significant clinical sign or symptom indicating underlying neuroimaging identifiable pathology has not been shown [1]. Predicting long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury remains unreliable, and efforts to do so have generated much controversy. Because few overt clinical signs have been demonstrated to correlate with the underlying neuropathology, clinicians increasingly rely on radiologic evidence for the assessment of the severity and extent of neuronal injury. Because decisions about patient management often hinge on such diagnostic information, it is important to obtain the most accurate depiction possible of neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury.
In the acute trauma work-up of traumatic brain injury patients, computed tomography is important for the rapid detection of extra-axial hemorrhage (e.g., subdural or epidural hematomas), acute hydrocephalus, fractures, or other intracranial lesions that may require acute neurosurgical intervention [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be very sensitive for intraparenchymal lesion detection in traumatic brain injury patients, but frequently is not easily obtainable acutely after injury [2], [6], [7]. Magnetic resonance imaging sensitivity is understood to be superior to computed tomography for intracranial evaluation. However, despite the newer technological improvements for both modalities, there have been no reports that have directly compared the two modalities as to their relative sensitivity and specificity in detecting injury and in predicting outcome in children. Initial studies performed in the 1990s compared computed tomography to magnetic resonance imaging in adults [2], [3], [4], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11].
Each of the magnetic resonance imaging sequences used in the present study has unique detection capabilities. T2 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) are common sequences in magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of traumatic brain injury patients. T2 is a more standard technique, generally able to detect a wide range of intraparenchymal lesions including edema, infarction, demyelination, moderate to large hemorrhages, and other parenchymal lesions [12]. FLAIR, a more recent technique, may be more sensitive in detecting some lesions within the parenchyma, including edema, particularly near the cortex or ventricles [13], [14], [15]. It is unknown whether there is any significance of intraparenchymal edema leading to more adverse outcomes compared with hemorrhage. In recent studies, we have demonstrated that a new gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging technique known as susceptibility-weighted imaging is also very useful in detecting hemorrhagic lesions associated with diffuse axonal injury [16], [17]. This sequence, which utilizes the paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin, is more sensitive for detection of extravascular blood products [18].
The objective of the present study was to determine which of these methods of detection of pediatric traumatic brain injury was most accurate at predicting outcome.
Section snippets
Patient Selection and Data Collection
We studied 40 children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury admitted to Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital from March 2001 to September 2002. This was an inception cohort of patients with traumatic brain injury without sufficient neurologic recovery in the first day who warranted magnetic resonance imaging during hospitalization for additional neurologic assessment of their injury. We excluded children with (1) previous head injuries; (2) pre-existing neurological disorders; (3)
General Clinical Data
Patient ages ranged from 18 months to 18 years (mean age, 12 years). No statistical differences in age were detected between the outcome groups. Most patients were passengers or drivers involved in motor vehicle accidents (n = 23) or struck by a car (n = 14). In addition, one patient each had the following types of injury: sports-related injury, assault, and bicycle fall.
Imaging Modalities
All patients involved in this study had a computed tomographic scan within 24 hours and a magnetic resonance imaging study 7
Interpretation of Data
The present data indicate that the T2, FLAIR, and susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences provided more accurate assessment of injury severity in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients and more accurately predicted outcome. It was not surprising that lesion numbers and volumes were not significantly different in comparison of the normal group vs the mild group. Patients with normal and mild disability likely have relatively similar degrees of neuronal injury. However,
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2018, Neuroimaging Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :In a separate evaluation of 18 children with different severities of trauma, lesion volume, and to a lesser extent lesion number, were negatively correlated with neuropsychological outcomes and intelligence quotient 1 to 4 years after injury.22 Another SWI study in 40 children with TBI showed a significant difference in lesion extension between normal/mild outcome and poor outcome groups 6 to 12 months after injury using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale score.36 However, in a different cohort of patients including mild, moderate, and severe TBI, Chastain and colleagues45 did not find SWI to be predictive using the Glasgow Outcome Scale score, although the data were heterogeneous and the length of follow-up was widely variable.
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