Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Means to Study Chronic Cerebral Spinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
The imaging protocols and parameters provided here are based on our experience with a 3-T Siemens scanner. For different scanners from the same or different manufacturers, sequences similar to those described herein are available which will generate comparable results. For research purposes, relevant clinical data, which should be collected, include but are not necessarily limited to the following: age, weight, height, expanded disability status scale (EDSS),18 the MS impact scale (MSIS-29),
Results
The inter- and intraprocessor variability for our processing group has been reported previously.32 Specifically, a 3-way analysis of variance showed no statistical significance in segmentation of PC-MRI vessel contours (P = 0.53 for interprocessor variability and P = 0.18 for intraprocessor variability) and CSA stenosis measurements on 2D TOF MRV (P = 0.62 and P = 0.39, respectively).
Based on the anatomical assessment using CE MRA/V and TOF MRV, the patients were divided into stenotic (ST) or
Discussion
The CCSVI MRI protocol presented here contains a comprehensive series of imaging sequences to probe both anatomical and vascular structure as well as function (flow). Recent studies32 and clinical treatment18 suggest that there is a strong vascular component to CCSVI associated with MS. Indirect evidence of a venous link to increased iron content also exists,41 and a recent work using SWI to quantify iron also showed some correlation with iron content and disease progression.8 Considering the
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EMH is the president of Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc. DU and SE are employees of Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc.