Neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, affecting the afferent and efferent visual systems, are frequently encountered by ophthalmologists in clinical practice. This article focuses on aspects of ocular, orbital, and neuroanatomy that are most important to the diagnosis of afferent and efferent visual pathway lesions. The use of optic disc and fundus appearance, visual fields, and ocular motility and pupillary findings are emphasized in the discussions of topographical diagnosis.