Imaging biomarkers of vulnerable carotid plaques for stroke risk prediction and their potential clinical implications

Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jun;18(6):559-572. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30035-3. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Abstract

Stroke represents a massive public health problem. Carotid atherosclerosis plays a fundamental part in the occurence of ischaemic stroke. European and US guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with carotid plaques are based on quantification of the percentage reduction in luminal diameter due to the atherosclerotic process to select the best therapeutic approach. However, better strategies for prevention of stroke are needed because some subtypes of carotid plaques (eg, vulnerable plaques) can predict the occurrence of stroke independent of the degree of stenosis. Advances in imaging techniques have enabled routine characterisation and detection of the features of carotid plaque vulnerability. Intraplaque haemorrhage is accepted by neurologists and radiologists as one of the features of vulnerable plaques, but other characteristics-eg, plaque volume, neovascularisation, and inflammation-are promising as biomarkers of carotid plaque vulnerability. These biomarkers could change current management strategies based merely on the degree of stenosis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Biomarkers
  • Carotid Artery Diseases / diagnostic imaging*
  • Carotid Artery Diseases / therapy
  • Humans
  • Plaque, Atherosclerotic / diagnosis*
  • Plaque, Atherosclerotic / diagnostic imaging*
  • Plaque, Atherosclerotic / therapy
  • Predictive Value of Tests
  • Stroke / diagnosis*
  • Stroke / diagnostic imaging*
  • Stroke / therapy

Substances

  • Biomarkers