Persistence of significant laryngeal oedema following radiotherapy presents the surgeon with a diagnostic dilemma. Though the oedema may represent a prolonged response to irradiation, the possibility of residual carcinoma must be considered. Several authors have commented upon it and have suggested frequent biopsies to prove the presence of residual or recurrent neoplasm (Ward et al., 1975; Lederman, 1970; Calcaterra et al., 1972). Some reluctance to laryngeal biopsy has been exercised to avoid inciting a fulminant perichondritis. However, the difficulty of obtaining a positive biopsy in a post-irradiated case is well known, and repeated negative biopsies do not exclude the presence of a residual tumour. The present paper studies 52 histopathologically proven cases of carcinoma of the larynx and laryngopharynx which had received radiotherapy earlier. These cases underwent salvage radical surgery on clinical suspicion of residual/recurrent tumour, manifested by persistence of significant laryngeal oedema and/or fixation of the larynx. No positive biopsies had been obtained following radiotherapy.