The complexity of the immune system mirrors its manifold mechanisms of host-microbe
interactions. A relatively simplified view was posited after the identification of host innate immune …

DNA in microbes or host cells is normally sequestered from the immune system, and
therefore inert, but becomes an active immunostimulatory molecule during infection or tissue …

… ISC (1e) Φ P = Φ T × k P k P + k ′ ISC Here k F and k P are the radiative decay rates of
fluorescence and phosphorescence, respectively. k IC , k ISC , and k ISC ′ are the rate …

KamLAND has measured the flux of ν e’s from distant nuclear reactors. We find fewer ν e
events than expected from standard assumptions about ν e propagation at the 99.95% CL In a …

The innate immune system recognizes nucleic acids during infection or tissue damage;
however, the mechanisms of intracellular recognition of DNA have not been fully elucidated. …

We present results of a study of neutrino oscillation based on a 766 ton/year exposure of
KamLAND to reactor antineutrinos. We observe 258 ν e candidate events with energies above …

Successful vaccines contain not only protective antigen(s) but also an adjuvant component
that triggers innate immune activation and is necessary for their optimal immunogenicity 1 , 2 …

… distance k a was calculated by the simple Poisson model correction as k a = −ln[1 − (4/3)K a
] (25), where K a … The usage of K s (synonymous substitution per site) for the alignment is not …

To facilitate clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, which are
expected to be most efficacious at the earliest and mildest stages of the disease 1 , 2 , …

… Niida for help in taking the microphotographs, K.-i. Miyamoto (Tokushima University) for
encouragement and support, K. Tsutsumi for technical assistance, A. Ito (Ito Bone Science …