BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The IJVs are considered to be the main pathway draining
the intracranial venous system. There is increasing evidence for the existence of alternative …

BACKGROUND: Several collateral venous pathways exist to assist in cranial venous
drainage in addition to the internal jugular veins. The important extrajugular networks (EJN) …

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several studies have found supplemental
venous drainage channels in addition to bilateral internal jugular veins for cerebral venous …

The internal jugular veins are considered to be the main pathways of cerebral blood
drainage. However, angiographic and anatomical studies show a wide anatomical variability …

Although crucial in regulating intracranial hydrodynamics, the cerebral venous system has
been rarely studied because of its structural complexity and individual variations. The …

Introduction The venous network of the brainstem is complex and significant. Susceptibility-
weighted imaging (SWI) is a practical technique which is sensitive to veins, especially tiny …

The intracranial venous system drains the cerebrum, brainstem, eyes, meninges, and part of
the face. In addition, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is reabsorbed in part by the …

Figure 1: Clinical MRI scans were obtained in a 44-year-old woman who presented with a
headache and tinnitus for clinically suspected intracranial hypertension.(A) Photorealistic …

Scientific debate over chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has drawn
attention to venous system involvement in a series of pathologic brain conditions. In the last …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To date, research on extracranial venous collaterals has
been focused on structure, with relatively little attention paid to hemodynamics. We …