Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and its synthetic analog
polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and induces type I interferon (IFN), …

In this paper the various types of vortex generation and the related response characteristics
of bluff bodies are described. The vortices are, in general, generated by a certain stimulation, …

… We conjecture a more general obstruction, as in the case of Matsumoto and Kurita [1994].
One may argue that the gap between the bounds and the attained values is a problem, see …

We investigated the possibility that neuronal cells given a mild ischemic treatment sufficient
to perturb the cellular metabolism acquired tolerance to a subsequent, and what would be …

THE inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP 3 ) receptor acts as an InsP 3 -gated Ca 2+ release
channel in a variety of cell types 1,2 . Type 1 InsP 3 receptor (IP 3 R1) is the major neuronal …

… The standard treatment for TB—four antibiotics that have to be taken several times a week
for at least six months to flush out any latent M. tuberculosis bacteria—was introduced in the …

In mice deficient in either lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) or the type I tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
receptor, but not the type II TNF receptor, germinal centers failed to develop in peripheral …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are activated by reward or sensory stimuli predicting reward 1 ,
2 , 3 , 4 . These excitatory responses increase as the reward value increases 5 . This …

… Now in an experiment in rhesus monkeys performing a visually guided task for reward,
Masayuki Matsumoto and Okihide Hikosaka show that a small brain area called the lateral …