Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) plays a central role in regulating thyroid
function and is targeted by IgGs in Graves’ disease (GD-IgG). Whether TSHR is involved in the …

Context: The pathogenic basis for Graves’ disease (GD) continues to elude our understanding.
Specifically why activating antibodies are generated against self-antigens remains …

PURPOSE: To study the effectiveness of anti-CD20 (rituximab [RTX]; Rituxan; Genentech,
Inc., South San Francisco, CA) therapy in patients with severe, corticosteroid (CS)-resistant …

purpose. Fibroblast diversity represents an emerging concept critical to our understanding of
tissue inflammation, repair, and remodeling. Orbital fibroblasts heterogeneously display Thy…

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune process involving the thyroid and connective tissues
in the orbit and pretibial skin. Activating anti-thyrotropin receptor Abs are responsible for …

Purpose: Steroids are often used as medical therapy for active thyroid eye disease (TED).
While high-dose steroids have been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of TED …

Periorbital rejuvenation with neurotoxins and dermal fillers address several aging changes.
Safe and effective results require a thorough understanding of periorbital anatomy, proper …

Purpose: Hyaluronic acid gel filler-associated blindness is an uncommon but devastating
complication. Hyaluronidase can potentially dissolve intravascular filler and improve perfusion; …

Purpose: Soft tissue dermal fillers, both temporary and permanent, are used frequently in
facial rejuvenation. As the use of fillers increases, ischemic complications including skin …

Thyroid eye disease is an auto-immune mediated orbitopathy which can cause dysthyroid
compressive optic neuropathy. Traditional management of active thyroid eye disease includes …