Background Oral fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate–receptor modulator that prevents
the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, significantly improved relapse rates and end …

Background Interferon beta is used to modify the course of relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Despite interferon beta therapy, many patients have relapses. Natalizumab, an α 4 integrin …

Background Fingolimod (FTY720) is a new oral immunomodulating agent under evaluation
for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Methods We randomly assigned 281 …

Background Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was reported to have
developed in three patients treated with natalizumab. We conducted an evaluation to determine …

Background Fingolimod has shown reductions in clinical and MRI disease activity in patients
with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. We further assessed the efficacy and safety of …

In this ‘double-blind’, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial, we compared an altered
peptide ligand of myelin basic protein with placebo, evaluating their safety and influence on …

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic disorder of the central nervous system and common cause
of neurological disability in young adults, is characterized by moderate but complex risk …

Background Reliable prognostic factors are lacking for multiple sclerosis (MS). Gadolinium
enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain detects with high sensitivity …

BACKGROUND: Animal and human studies implicate forebrain neural circuits in maternal
behavior. Here, we hypothesized that human brain response to emotional stimuli relevant for …

An international group of neurologists and radiologists developed revised guidelines for
standardized brain and spinal cord MR imaging for the diagnosis and follow-up of MS. A brain …