Background PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are active in metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but
positive randomised data supporting their use as a first-line treatment are lacking. In this study …

Sequence alignment is an active research area in the field of bioinformatics. It is also a
crucial task as it guides many other tasks like phylogenetic analysis, function, and/or structure …

… g (TNFα and IL-6) or for 20 min at 2,000 × g (NGF)). The detection limits of the assays were
0.5 pg/ml for TNFα, <0.70 pg/ml for IL-6, and <1 pg/ml for NGF. All samples were assessed in …

Background The exact mechanism of knee osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain is unclear,
whereas mixed evidence of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain has been noted. We …

Purpose Pain from osteoarthritis (OA) is generally classified as nociceptive (inflammatory).
Animal models of knee OA have shown that sensory nerve fibers innervating the knee are …

OBJECTIVE To assess the roles of RhoA small GTPase (RhoA) in upper urinary tract cancer
by analysing the mRNA and protein levels of RhoA. PATIENTS AND METHODS The mRNA …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI can provide valuable structural information that may
become an innovative tool in evaluating lumbar foraminal nerve root entrapment. The …

Study Design. Prospective randomized trial. Objective. To examine the effect of the tumor
necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, etanercept, on radicular pain by its epidural …

Introduction Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is thought to play a crucial role in the radicular pain caused
by lumbar spinal stenosis. However, efficacy of inhibition of IL-6 for sciatica in patients with …

… Ozawa T, Ohtori S, Inoue G, et al. The degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc is innervated
… Stoll G, Jander S. The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS…