The complexity of the immune system mirrors its manifold mechanisms of host-microbe
interactions. A relatively simplified view was posited after the identification of host innate immune …

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a synaptic modulator as well as a neuroprotectant. Currently,
pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is thought to be the …

In viral infections the host innate immune system is meant to act as a first line defense to
prevent viral invasion or replication before more specific protection by the adaptive immune …

KamLAND has measured the flux of ν e’s from distant nuclear reactors. We find fewer ν e
events than expected from standard assumptions about ν e propagation at the 99.95% CL In a …

We present results of a study of neutrino oscillation based on a 766 ton/year exposure of
KamLAND to reactor antineutrinos. We observe 258 ν e candidate events with energies above …

The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral
components (including double-stranded (ds)RNA) and triggers antiviral responses 1 , 2 . The …

Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosome. An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes
Down syndrome, the most frequent genetic cause of significant mental retardation, which …

To facilitate clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, which are
expected to be most efficacious at the earliest and mildest stages of the disease 1 , 2 , …

Type I interferons are central mediators for antiviral responses. Using high-throughput functional
screening of interferon inducers, we have identified here a molecule we call interferon-β …

… where N A is the Avogadro number, e is the electric charge on each ionic carrier, k in the
Boltzmann constant, F is the Faraday constant, and R is the gas constant. Figure 5b shows the …