Plant metabolism is perturbed by various abiotic stresses. As such the metabolic network of
plants must be reconfigured under stress conditions in order to allow both the maintenance …

… For example, overexpression of the MEKKs specific for activation of either JNK or p38 MAPK
can result in apoptosis in T cells and fibroblasts (126, 127) . However, in other systems, p38 …

Recent years have seen considerable advances in our understanding of the particular
physiological roles of the constituent enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Despite …

The rapid rise of spintronics and quantum information science has led to a strong interest in
developing the ability to coherently manipulate electron spins 1 . Electron spin resonance 2 …

p53 plays a key role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Recent studies have reported that
the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase-Akt pathway inhibits p53-mediated transcription and …

One of the least-understood areas in biology is the determination of the size of animals and
their organs. In Drosophila, components of the insulin receptor phosphoinositide 3-kinase (…

… epithelial fucose status of T cell–, B cell–, and Rag-deficient mice. The number of F-ECs
was not decreased in T cell– or B cell–deficient mice (fig. S2), indicating that T cells and B cells …

AKT was originally identified as a proto-oncogene with a pleckstrin homology and Ser/Thr
protein kinase domains. Recent studies revealed that AKT regulates a variety of cellular …

Mutations in the PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase (PI3K), have been reported in human cancers, including colorectal cancer. …

The rapid increase in genomic information requires new techniques to infer protein function
and predict protein–protein interactions. Bioinformatics identifies modular signaling domains …