Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

The authors review existing structural and functional neuroimaging studies of patients with
bipolar disorder and discuss how these investigations enhance our understanding of the …

Objectives Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous growth in research
regarding bipolar disorder (BD) among children and adolescents (ie, pediatric BD [PBD]) …

There is growing evidence from neuroimaging and ostmortem studies that severe mood
disorders, which have traditionally been conceptualized as neurochemical disorders, are …

Inflammation and altered glutamate metabolism are two pathways implicated in the
pathophysiology of depression. Interestingly, these pathways may be linked given that …

Exogenous administration of inflammatory stimuli to humans and laboratory animals and
chronic endogenous inflammatory states lead to motivational deficits and ultimately …

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) affords a noninvasive window on in vivo brain
chemistry and, as such, provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the biochemical …

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical
characteristics, assessment, longitudinal course, biological and psychosocial correlates, and …

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) has substantial morbidity and incompletely understood
neurobiological underpinnings. Objective To investigate brain chemistry in medication-free …

Psychiatric disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and affect the
quality of life of both individuals and the society. The current understanding of these …