Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are abnormal communications between the carotid system
and the cavernous sinus. Several classification schemes have described carotid cavernous …

OBJECTIVE Internal carotid artery (ICA) injury is a rare but severe complication of
endonasal surgery. The authors describe their endovascular experience managing ICA …

BACKGROUND: Injuring the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a feared complication of
endoscopic endonasal approaches. OBJECTIVE: To introduce a comprehensive ICA …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We present our preliminary experience, including mid-
term angiographic and clinical follow-up results, with an alternative technique for the …

OBJECTIVE: Internal carotid artery (ICA) injury during sellar dural opening is a potentially
catastrophic complication of transsphenoidal surgery. We describe two ICA injuries that …

Introduction Direct carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are type A fistulae according to
Barrow's classification. Endovascular treatment of these lesions is challenging. Methods The …

Over the past 2 decades a paradigm shift has occurred from traditional external approaches
to the skull base, paranasal sinuses, and intracranial cavities, to the completely endonasal …

OBJECTIVE: To present results of early angiographic diagnosis and endovascular treatment
of traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICA). METHODS: From June 2002 to December 2006 …

We report our experience in treatment of traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) via
endovascular intervention. We hereof recommend an additional classification system for …

OBJECTIVE Internal carotid artery (ICA) injuries during endoscopic endonasal surgery
(EES) are catastrophic complications. Alongside the advancements in medical …