Biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA, hyaluronan) gel implants have altered the therapeutic
landscape of surgery and medicine, fostering an array of innovative products that include …

Purpose Several variations of the arterial blood supply of the orbit have been reported over
the years. This review is aimed to provide an update focusing on three important issues:(a) …

There are considerable variations in the anatomy of the human ophthalmic artery (OphA),
such as anomalous origins of the OphA and anastomoses between the OphA and the …

Background The maxillary artery (MA) has gained attention in neurosurgery particularly in
cerebral revascularization techniques, intracranial endonasal approaches and …

Background Posterior pituitary tumor is rare, and its optimal surgical strategy is
undetermined. Surgical removal of posterior pituitary tumors is often complicated by their …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Detailed arterial anatomy of the sphenoid ridge and
olfactory groove meningiomas is complicated due to the fine angioarchitecture and …

The inferolateral trunk (ILT) is one of the two more common branches of the cavernous
internal carotid artery (ICA). Its knowledge is important for skull base surgery and …

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular malformations that present high-flow
direct communication between the arteries and veins, not involving the capillary beds. They …

The ophthalmic artery (OA) is a crucial artery. Centered at the OA, there are numerous
extracranial–intracranial anastomoses. The OA and its collaterals can be involved in some …

Background: Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are extremely rare in the superior orbital
fissure, and they exhibit ocular symptoms similar to the dAVF in the cavernous sinus …