BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging is essential in the diagnostic work-up of patients
with orbital lesions. The position of an orbital lesion relative to the inferomedial muscular …

OBJECTIVE: Various approaches to expose the orbit have been used, such as cranial,
lateral, and medial approaches. In an effort to gain exposure to the orbit without …

Background A variety of lesions can affect the orbit. Surgical approaches must be available
to provide 360 degrees of access. For tumors occupying the superomedial intraconal …

BACKGROUND: Few studies have established surgical landmarks for endoscopic
endonasal dissection of the intraconal orbital apex (OA). OBJECTIVE: We describe the optic …

The orbital branch of the infraorbital artery, a key vascular structure that is not universally
noted in orbital textbooks and atlases, is clinically significant, since injury to it can result in …

The orbital apex is a complex region in the orbit which contains important structures such as
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. Although much research has been dedicated to the …

Introduction The apex of the orbit is formed by the union of the lesser and greater wings of
the sphenoid bone and acts as an osseous tunnel for numerous neurovascular structures …

Introduction: Knowledge of variations in the course and distribution of the intraorbital part of
ophthalmic artery (OA) is necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of anterior cranial and …

Objectives This study aims to define the endoscopic anatomy of inferior intraconal space, in
terms of its neurovascular structures and relationship to fixed anatomic landmarks. Design A …

Using detailed cadaveric dissection this study has demonstrated the increase in exposure
by using the inferolateral microsurgical approach for neurosurgical and ophthalmological …