BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are
commonly performed for temporary pain relief or diagnostic presurgical planning in patients …

Study Design. A prospective, observational, human, in vivo study was conducted.
Objectives. To evaluate the incidence of vascular penetration during fluoroscopically guided …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of CT-guided CTSI is to inject medication into the
foraminal region where the nerve root is inflamed. The optimal location for needle placement …

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether digital subtraction angiography (DSA) combined with
real-time fluoroscopic imaging improves the detection rate of intravascular injection during …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Image-guided cervical transforaminal epidural injections
play an important role in the management of cervical radicular pain syndromes. The safety …

Recent studies have described the safety and efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-guided
cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections with both the anterolateral and posterior …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical epidural steroid injections are approached with
trepidation because of concerns over safety, including direct spinal cord injury. CT …

Background Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection is a common and effective tool
for managing lumbar radicular pain, although accidental intravascular injection can rarely …

OBJECTIVE. CT fluoroscopy–assisted cervical transforaminal steroid injection is an effective
therapeutic option for cervical radiculopathy, yet it is approached with trepidation by some …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inadvertent intravascular injection during epidural steroid
injection can result in complications and has been investigated previously with conventional …