BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Congenital superior oblique palsy is known to relate to
trochlear nerve absence and a variable degree of superior oblique muscle hypoplasia. The …

Background and Purpose To determine the diagnostic utility of the three-step test in
unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP) according to the presence of the trochlear nerve …

The trochlear nerve is very small and runs a parallel course through the horizontal imaging
plane. High-resolution 3 T images with smaller voxel size than the trochlear nerve and …

Purpose.: To infer the pathogenic mechanism of congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) by
evaluating trochlear nerve diameter (CN4D) and superior oblique muscle (SO) volume in …

Objectives To compare the surgical outcomes of inferior oblique (IO) myectomy in congenital
superior oblique palsy (SOP) according to the presence of the trochlear nerve identified with …

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients with congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) by
classifying them according to their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and cross …

Background Congenital trochlear palsy may manifest with sudden vertical diplopia due to
decompensation during the later life, which may bring a diagnostic challenge. Case …

OBJECTIVE: Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) are developmental
abnormalities involving the hypoplasia or aplasia of the cranial nerves with muscle …

PURPOSE We evaluated patients with hypertropia compatible with a diagnosis of superior
oblique (SO) palsy to ascertain whether the 3-step test (3ST) can distinguish SO atrophy …

PURPOSE: The diagnosis of isolated inferior oblique muscle palsy is controversial for 2
reasons: first, clinical findings seem inconsistent with our current understanding of …