BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) can have its onset
during childhood, but the diagnosis may be difficult to establish on the basis of clinical …

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in juveniles is controversial. This study was
designed to compare proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in patients with …

BACKGROUND: Basal ganglia (BG) enlargement has been found in studies of adults with
bipolar disorder (BPD), while the few studies of BPD youths have had mixed findings. The …

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC) glutamate/glutamine (Glx) to creatine ratio (Glx/Cr) in two groups of children with …

Objective: Few studies have examined the neurochemical abnormalities that might be
associated with pediatric bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to use magnetic …

Objective: Few magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of bipolar disorder (BPD) have
investigated the entire cerebral cortex. Cortical gray matter (GM) volume deficits have been …

Objectives: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides insight into
neurochemical processes. Imaging and postmortem studies have implicated abnormalities …

BACKGROUND: Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of pediatric
bipolar disorder (BD) have not reported on gray matter volumes but have reported increased …

OBJECTIVE:: The purpose of this study was to use proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy, at 4.0 T, to explore the glutamine and glutamate levels in the anterior …

OBJECTIVE: The few studies applying single-voxel1H spectroscopy in children and
adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) have reported low N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels in …