Marginal sinus fistulas (MSFs) are uncommon vascular anomalies. Occasionally, the
dominant venous drainage is forced retrograde up the inferior petrosal sinus and into the …

Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCF) are abnormal communications between the carotid
artery and the cavernous sinus. Most spontaneous CCFs are low-flow fistulas, supplied by …

Direct and indirect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are uncommon vascular anomalies that
result in increased pressure in the cavernous sinus. The subsequent changes in blood flow …

Carotid cavernous fistulae are an uncommon disorder, actually consisting of 2 disease
processes. One category is a direct internal carotid artery to cavernous sinus fistula. A …

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are anomalous connections between the carotid
circulation and the cavernous sinus, and may cause significant morbidity. Endovascular …

Background Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is a rare type of arteriovenous shunt that
develops within the cavernous sinus (CS). Direct CCFs entail a direct communication …

Objectives–In indirect carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulas (CCF), abnormal connections exist
between tiny dural branches of the external and/or internal carotid system and the …

Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are abnormal communications between the carotid system
and the cavernous sinus. Several classification schemes have described carotid cavernous …

With greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which carotid artery-
cavernous sinus fistulas occur, and with improved endovascular devices, more appropriate …

Introduction Indirect cavernous carotid fistulae (ICCFs) can present with insidious, non-
specific symptoms and prove difficult to diagnose. This study evaluates associations among …