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Research ArticleInterventional

Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms with HydroSoft Coils: Results of the Korean Multicenter Study

J.H. Park, H.-S. Kang, M.H. Han, P. Jeon, D.-S. Yoo, T.H. Lee and for the Korean HydroSoft Registry Investigators
American Journal of Neuroradiology October 2011, 32 (9) 1756-1761; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2633

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various modifications of detachable coils have been attempted to reduce recurrence rates in aneurysmal coil embolization and HydroSoft coil is one of them. The authors report their experience using HydroSoft coils in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a prospective multicenter observational series of 127 aneurysms in 120 patients treated with HydroSoft coils.

RESULTS: Ten centers participated in this study, and there were 92 (72%) unruptured and 35 ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysm volumes were ≥100 mm3 in 21 (17%) and <100 mm3 in 106 (83%) (mean, 56 mm3; range, 5–249 mm3). The average percentage length of HydroSoft coils detached in treated aneurysms was 67% (range, 42%–100%). Immediate postprocedural angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion in 69% (87/127 aneurysms), residual neck in 20% (25/127), and residual sac in 12% (15/127). Procedure-related adverse events occurred in 4.7% (6/127 aneurysms), including procedural bleeding (5/127) and thromboembolism (2/127), and immediate procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were 0.8% and 0%. Conventional angiography or MRA follow-up was performed in 83% (105/127) at ≥6 months after treatment (mean interval, 11 months; range, 6–24 months). The overall recanalization rate was 3% (3/105 aneurysms; 2 major and 1 minor recanalizations). Progression to complete aneurysmal occlusion was noted in 20 of 27 aneurysms (74%) during the follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS: The safety profile of HydroSoft coils appears acceptable. In terms of initial occlusion rates and durability, embolization by using HydroSoft coils seems to be favorable compared with most large series of pure platinum or coated coils.

Abbreviations

ISAT
International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial
MRA
MR angiography
PGA
polyglycolic
PGLA
combined polyglycolic/polylactic acid

Since the introduction of Guglielmi detachable coils in 1991 (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts), endovascular treatment with detachable coils has been established as the mainstay of therapeutic options in cerebral aneurysms. The results of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT)1 stressed coil embolization as a main treatment option for the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. However, long-term durability remains as a major limitation of this less invasive alternative to aneurysm clipping. Recurrence rates of 11%–36% have been reported with various coils.2–5 Low packing attenuation of coils at the end of the initial procedure is proposed to be one of the main reasons for recurrence. To overcome this limitation, a number of techniques and devices have been tried, including intravascular stent placement6,7; a liquid embolic agent, Onyx (ev3, Irvine, California), reconstruction8; and balloon-remodeling techniques.9 Also, in an attempt to reduce recurrence rates, various modified coils have been developed and used, including those containing PGA or PGLA and a hydrogel-coated coil.

To improve coil packing attenuation, a new design of hydrogel-coated coils has become commercially available. The HydroSoft coil (Microvention Terumo, Tustin, California) is constructed as a platinum coil with an inner core of hydrogel and a stretch-resistant filament (Fig 1). This new coil is different from the HydroCoil (Microvention Terumo) in that it is softer, contains less hydrogel, and swells more slowly. Due to these properties, reposition and retrieval of the HydroSoft coils does not have time restrictions. The present study was designed to investigate the safety and efficacy of the HydroSoft coils as well as to evaluate the follow-up results.

Fig 1.
Fig 1.

Pre- and postexpansion state of the HydroSoft coil. This platinum coil consists of an inner core of hydrogel and a stretch-resistant filament. It expands and fills up to 40% more volume than a bare platinum coil.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

This proposed registry, conducted by the Korean Society of Interventional Neuroradiology, is a prospective multicenter registry of patients harboring intracranial aneurysms measuring <10 mm in diameter. Approval for this prospective multicenter observational study was granted by the institutional review board. Patients treated with HydroSoft coils for intracranial aneurysms were registered to an independent central core laboratory during the period from July 2008 to July 2009. The primary end points were procedure-related adverse events and major aneurysmal recanalization on follow-up angiography (conventional or MRA) 6 months and 1 year after treatment. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) ruptured or unruptured intracranial aneurysm, 2) maximal aneurysmal diameter of ≤10 mm, 3) percentage length of the HydroSoft coils detached (ie, the length of the HydroSoft coils inserted into an aneurysm divided by the total length of coils) of ≥40% in aneurysms of 8–10 mm and <5 mm in diameter and 50% in aneurysms of >5–8 mm in diameter, and 4) Hunt and Hess grades of 0–3. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) embolization with any other coated coils; 2) staged embolization; 3) repeat embolization for recanalized or recurrent aneurysms; 4) thrombosed aneurysms; 5) fusiform, infectious, traumatic, or dissecting aneurysms; and 6) patients younger than 18 years of age.

The differences in percentage length were designed to accommodate framing coils in smaller aneurysms and to allow larger framing and filling coils in the larger aneurysms because the largest diameter of the HydroSoft coil is 6 mm.

A reviewer (J.H.P) at the independent core laboratory scrutinized the data regarding the registered cases and decided whether the patients met the inclusion criteria and not the exclusion criteria. Clinical and radiologic follow-up data submitted to the core laboratory were critically reviewed.

Clinical and Angiographic Features

Patients' characteristics, including sex, age, and mode of presentation, were documented along with the Hunt and Hess grade. The aneurysm location, maximal diameter, volume, and the lengths of both HydroSoft and bare platinum coils were documented.

Endovascular Treatment

Endovascular coil treatment was performed following a standardized protocol in the neuroangiography suite, as described previously.10,11 In most cases, general anesthesia was induced. In unruptured cases, systemic anticoagulation with heparin infusion was used from the beginning of the embolization. In ruptured cases, however, heparin infusion was started only after protective coil packing had been accomplished. Heparin was administered intravenously just after introduction of the sheath, first as a 3000-U bolus followed by 1000 U/h. Heparin was discontinued after the procedure.

HydroSoft coil size and length selection were based on operator preference. Generally, bare platinum coils were used for framing, but in small-sized aneurysms, HydroSoft coils were readily deployed for the initial coil basket. HydroSoft coils were preferentially deployed until the coils defied deployment into an aneurysm or undue friction was felt.

Angiographic Evaluation

Immediate and follow-up angiographic results were recorded. The authors used the classification system by Roy et al12: class 1, complete occlusion; class 2, aneurysm neck opacification; and class 3, aneurysm sac opacification. For each aneurysm, the pre- and postembolization angiograms were independently reviewed at an independent core lab for determination of aneurysm occlusion grades.

Follow-Up Protocol

Control angiograms were acquired immediately after treatment and were used as the baseline for comparison with follow-up studies. For all the patients, plain radiography was requested at 3 months after treatment with the same projections used at the time of coil embolization. Changes in the configuration of the coil mass prompted the investigators to request an immediate study such as MRA or conventional angiography. Otherwise, conventional angiography, preferably, or MRA was performed at ≥6 months after treatment. 3D time-of-flight MRA was performed as a standard technique. “Major recanalization” was defined as contrast filling within the aneurysm dome or significant coil compaction, and “minor recanalization” was defined as minimal coil compaction at the aneurysmal neck.

Statistical Analysis

Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to find factors related to aneurysmal recanalization by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 12.0 for Windows; SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). A P value < .05 was considered significant.

Results

In this prospective registry, 120 patients harboring 127 intracranial aneurysms were treated with the HydroSoft coils in 10 centers. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of patients and aneurysms. There were 77 female patients (64%) among 120, and the mean age was 56.6 years (range, 30–80 years). There were 92 (72%) unruptured and 35 ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysm volumes were <100 mm3 in 106 (83%) (mean, 55 mm3; range, 5–249 mm3).

View this table:
Table 1:

Demographics of patients treated with HydroSoft coils

Procedure-Related Events

Table 2 summarizes procedural complications. Procedure-related adverse events occurred in 4.7% (6/127 aneurysms), including procedural bleeding (5/127) and thromboembolism (2/127); and the immediate procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were 0.8% and 0%, respectively.

View this table:
Table 2:

Procedure-related complications in 127 procedures

Thromboembolism occurred in 2 procedures. In 1 case, the resultant cerebral infarction was asymptomatic. The other case had thrombosis at the distal basilar artery during treatment of a ruptured basilar artery aneurysm, and thrombolysis resulted in rebleeding from a coiled aneurysm. Although he had a temporary neurologic deficit, the patient was fully recovered at discharge. Otherwise, aneurysm perforation or procedural leakage was handled with immediate reversal of anticoagulation and complete coil packing, without leaving new neurologic deficits.

Treatment and Immediate Angiographic Outcomes

The overall mean percentage length of the HydroSoft coils was 67% (range, 42%–100%). The mean packing attenuation was 42% (range, 19%–111%). The degree of aneurysmal occlusion at the end of coil embolization was class 1 in 69% (87 of 127 aneurysms), class 2 in 19% (25/127), and class 3 in 12% (15/127) (Table 3).

View this table:
Table 3:

Degree of aneurysmal occlusion at immediately postprocedure and at the last follow-up

Radiologic Follow-up Results

Radiologic follow-up data performed ≥6 months after coil embolization were available for 105 aneurysms (83%) (≥12 months for 46 aneurysms and 24 months for 10 aneurysms; mean interval, 11 months; 24 aneurysms with conventional angiography and 81 with MRA) and revealed stable occlusion in 92 (97%) aneurysms, minor recanalization in 1 (1%), and major recanalization in 2 (2%) (Table 3). Comparison of occlusion classes immediately after embolization and at the last follow-up demonstrated stationary or improved class (Figs 2 and 3) in 98% of the aneurysms and a worse class (Fig 4) in 2% (Table 3). Of the 27 class 2 and 3 aneurysms, 20 (74%) were improved to class 1. Recanalized aneurysm profiles are summarized in Table 4.The logistic regression analysis revealed that ruptured aneurysmal status was the only significant factor related to aneurysmal recanalization in this series (Table 5).

Fig 2.
Fig 2.

Improved degree of occlusion. A, A 70-year-old woman with elective coiling of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Postembolization angiogram shows residual filling into the aneurysm sac (arrow). B, A 7-month follow-up angiogram shows complete obliteration of the aneurysm lumen (arrow).

Fig 3.
Fig 3.

Improved degree of occlusion. A, A 40-year-old man with a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Immediate postembolization angiogram demonstrates residual filling into the aneurysmal sac. B, An 8-month follow-up angiogram shows complete occlusion of aneurysmal sac.

Fig 4.
Fig 4.

Worsened degree of occlusion. A, A 60-year-old woman with a paraclinoid aneurysm. Immediate postembolization angiogram shows complete occlusion of the aneurysm. B, A 1-year follow-up angiogram reveals minor recanalization at the neck.

View this table:
Table 4:

Cases showing recanalization in HydroSoft coil group

View this table:
Table 5:

Results of regression analysis for variables related to aneurysm recanalization

Discussion

Despite the proved efficacy of endovascular coil embolization for the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysm reported in ISAT, 1 long-term durability still remains as a major handicap of this treatment technique. The progression of coil devices has occurred in an attempt to maximize occlusion rates and minimize danger. There are 2 main lineages of coil development in response to the perceived market demand: One is mechanical or geometric modification, and the other is chemical modification. Mechanical modification includes stretch-resistant coils developed for the prevention of coil stretch or fracture, and complex or 3D coils for the conformational coil packing of difficult aneurysmal geometries. Chemical modifications or coated coils include PGA or PGLA and hydrogel-coated coils. Some disappointing results, however, have been reported from the series with Matrix detachable coils (Boston Scientific), revealing no different or even higher recanalization rates than those reported for bare platinum coils.1,13 HydroCoil results seemed to be promising, showing higher packing attenuation, less coil compaction, and thicker neointimal tissue at the neck of the aneurysm.14 However, this hydrogel-coated coil has been reported to be related to aseptic meningitis15 and delayed hydrocephalus.3,4

The HydroCoil also has some technical limitations. Because of its relative stiffness secondary to hydrogel coating and the time restriction in its deployment, the HydroCoil was considered as a filling coil but not as a finishing coil.16 To overcome the handicaps of the HydroCoil as a finishing coil, the new HydroSoft coil was developed. Because the HydroSoft coil contains less hydrogel within the coil gaps, this new coil is softer and swells more slowly than the HydroCoil. These properties of the HydroSoft coil make it possible to retrieve or reposition it without time limitations. It expands and fills up to 40% more volume than a bare platinum coil. Because of all these characteristics of the HydroSoft coil, the authors determined that it could be used as a finishing coil as well as a filling coil.

In this prospective multicenter observational study, the authors intended to show the safety and efficacy of the HydroSoft coil as well as the follow-up results. As to the safety, procedure-related complications were 4.7% (6/127 aneurysms), and immediate procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were 0.8% and 0%. Systematic review of endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms by using coated coils demonstrated 4.7% and 2.9% morbidity-mortality rates in PGLA-coated and hydrogel-coated groups, respectively.17 Immediate angiographic results of the HydroSoft coil were complete occlusion in 69%, residual neck in 19%, and residual sac in 12%. The HydroCoil Endovascular Aneurysm Occlusion and Packing Study showed complete immediate occlusion in 47% and residual neck in 31%.18 This high rate of complete angiographic occlusion in the HydroSoft coil may be attributed to the properties of less stiffness and slower volumetric expansion, which let this coil be used as a finishing coil as well as a filling coil. Guo et al19 reported that the HydroSoft coil showed higher packing attenuation (a mean of 47% versus 38%) and fewer recurrences (2.3% versus 10% at 6-month follow-up) in comparison with HydroCoils.

In this HydroSoft coil series, the overall recurrence rate was 3% (3/105) at the mean interval of an 11-month follow-up. Berenstein et al4 reported a 21% recurrence rate for 53 aneurysms treated with HydroCoils followed for a mean of 10.3 months. Table 6 summarizes some previous series with follow-up results reported in the literature.14,20–22 The major recanalization rate ranged from 7% to 20%. HydroCoils showed high initial aneurysmal occlusion rates and durability at the time of the follow-up evaluation. However, the high incidence of aseptic meningitis and hydrocephalus provoked concern about the safety of this coil device.3 In the present study, there was no incidence of aseptic meningitis or related hydrocephalus. The histologic findings of the HydroSoft coil were found to be similar to those of HydroCoil, demonstrating complete endothelialization and neointima formation at the aneurysmal neck surface.16 The main difference between the HydroSoft coil and HydroCoil was the thickness of neointima (ie, the HydroSoft coil resulted in thinner neointima).16 The HydroSoft coil contains hydrogel, a cross-linked copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate, but has a lower amount than the HydroCoil.

View this table:
Table 6:

Bare platinum or coated coil experiences with follow-up results in the literature

The mechanism of HydroCoil-associated aseptic meningitis and related hydrocephalus is unknown. The reason for no occurrence of aseptic meningitis in the present study of the HydroSoft coil is not known, either. A presumptive explanation could be drawn from the properties of the HydroSoft coil (which contains less hydrogel than the HydroCoil) that eventually lead to less provocation of a histologic response and less volumetric expansion. Meanwhile, long-term clinical follow-up for the occurrence of aseptic meningitis and related hydrocephalus in patients treated with HydroSoft coils would be necessary.

Our study has a limitation in that it limited the size of aneurysms to <10 mm in the longest diameter due to the lack of HydroSoft coils of >6 mm in diameter. Therefore, we think that the percentage length of the HydroSoft coils is destined to be lowered too much in the treatment of large aneurysms. In those cases, the influence of the HydroSoft coils on the angiographic and clinical outcome could not be measured appropriately. Due to the presence of the limitation in this study, the impressive results of recurrence rate could be diluted. However, even considering that this study was performed for small- or medium-sized aneurysms (<10 mm in longest diameter), the recurrence rate of 3% is still overwhelming. Another limitation of this study is a relatively short-term follow-up period. Long-term follow-up data are also under collection, and we hope to report the long-term results in the future. In addition, this study was a registry, not a consecutive series of patients treated, and we limited the enrollment to cases satisfying a rather strict criterion (ie, percentage length of the HydroSoft coils used in a certain aneurysm). Further study on a consecutive series is required to define the safety issues related to the HydroSoft coils more clearly.

Finally, we set different inclusion criteria in regard to the percentage length for practical reasons. Basically the HydroSoft coils are designed for filling rather than framing, which means that we usually needed another kind of coil (or coils) other than the HydroSoft coils for initial framing during the endovascular treatment of an aneurysm. In addition, the largest diameter of the HydroSoft coil is 6 mm at present. When we treated smaller aneurysms, the initial framing coil occupied a considerable volume and length; thus, it was difficult to achieve the percentage length of HydroSoft coils of >50% for them. Meanwhile, larger aneurysms require considerable lengths of framing coils and other kinds of filling coils of a larger diameter, which limit the achievable percentage length of the HydroSoft coils.

Conclusions

The overall safety profile of HydroSoft coils appears acceptable. HydroSoft coil embolization seems to be favorable compared with that in large series of bare platinum or coated coils in terms of initial occlusion rates and durability at the time of follow-up. Long-term follow-up studies for the evaluation of the durability of HydroSoft coil embolization and monitoring of the clinical outcomes such as aseptic meningitis are needed.

Appendix

The following investigators and centers participated in this multicenter study:

Moon Hee Han, Bae Ju Kwon, Hyun-Seung Kang, Young Dae Cho; Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

O-Ki Kwon, Cheolkyu Jung; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, Korea

Pyoung Jeon, Keon Ha Kim; Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

Do-Sung Yoo, Yoo-Dong Won; Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea

Tae Hong Lee; Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Korea

Sang Hoon Shin, Soon Chan; Kwon Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea

Hong Gee Roh; Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Deok Hee Lee; Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

Seung Hun Sheen; Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea

Hae Wook Pyun; Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea

Footnotes

  • Disclosures: Jae Hyo Park. Research Support (including provision of equipment or materials): MicroVention, CA Inc; Details: financial support for gathering and processing of data for multicenter trial; Moon Hee Han. Consultant: MicroVention and Codman Neurovascular.

  • This work was funded by MicroVention, Tustin, California, and was supported by the Korean Society of Interventional Neuroradiology.

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  • Received November 10, 2010.
  • Accepted after revision February 7, 2011.
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Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms with HydroSoft Coils: Results of the Korean Multicenter Study
J.H. Park, H.-S. Kang, M.H. Han, P. Jeon, D.-S. Yoo, T.H. Lee, for the Korean HydroSoft Registry Investigators
American Journal of Neuroradiology Oct 2011, 32 (9) 1756-1761; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A2633
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