Investigation of Unmedicated Early Onset Restless Legs Syndrome by Voxel-Based Morphometry, T2 Relaxometry, and Functional MR Imaging during the Night-Time Hours

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Garcia-Borreguero D

   . Time to REST: epidemiology and burden. Eur J Neurol 2006;13: 15–20

   PubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Paulus W,
   2. Dowling P,
   3. Rijman R,
   4. et al

   . Update of the pathophysiology of the restless-legs-syndrome. Mov Disord 2007;22: S431–39

   CrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Jellen LC,
   2. Beard JL,
   3. Jones BC

   . Systems genetics analysis of iron regulation in the brain. Biochimie 2009;91: 1255–59

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.↵
   1. Connor JR,
   2. Boyer PJ,
   3. Menzies SL,
   4. et al

   . Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2003;61: 304–09

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Earley CJ,
   2. B Barker P,
   3. Horská A,
   4. et al

   . MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2006;7: 458–61. Epub 2006 Jun 5

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Astrakas LG,
   2. Konitsiotis S,
   3. Margariti P,
   4. et al

   . T2 relaxometry and fMRI of the brain in late-onset restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2008;71: 911–16

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   1. Unrath A,
   2. Juengling FD,
   3. Schork M,
   4. et al

   . Cortical grey matter alterations in idiopathic restless legs syndrome: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Mov Disord 2007;22: 1751–56

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Etgen T,
   2. Draganski B,
   3. Ilg C,
   4. et al

   . Bilateral thalamic gray matter changes in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neuroimage 2005;24: 1242–47

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   1. Hornyak M,
   2. Ahrendts JC,
   3. Spiegelhalder K,
   4. et al

   . Voxel-based morphometry in unmedicated patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007;9 22–26

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. 10.↵
    1. Bucher SF,
    2. Seelos KC,
    3. Oertel WH,
    4. et al

    . Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997;41: 639–45

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Tzarouchi LC,
    2. Astrakas LG,
    3. Konitsiotis S,
    4. et al

    . Voxel-based morphometry and voxel-based relaxometry in parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy. J Neuroimaging 2010;20: 260–66

    PubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Astrakas LG,
    2. Argyropoulou MI

    . Shifting from region of interest (ROI) to voxel-based analysis in human brain mapping. Pediatr Radiol 2010;40: 1857–67. Epub 2010 May 13

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Norris DG

    . Principles of magnetic resonance assessment of brain function. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;23: 794–807

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Walters AS,
    2. LeBrocq C,
    3. Dhar A,
    4. et al

    . Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2003;4: 121–32

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Benes H,
    2. Walters AS,
    3. Allen RP,
    4. et al

    . Definition of restless legs syndrome, how to diagnose it, and how to differentiate it from RLS mimics. Mov Disord 2007;22: 401–08

    CrossRef
16. 16.↵
    1. Ashburner J,
    2. Friston KJ

    . Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 2005;26: 839–51

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Kosta P,
    2. Argyropoulou MI,
    3. Markoula S,
    4. et al

    . MRI evaluation of the basal ganglia size and iron content in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2006;253: 26–32

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Metafratzi Z,
    2. Argyropoulou M,
    3. Kiortsis DN,
    4. et al

    . T(2) relaxation rate of basal ganglia and cortex in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. Br J Radiol 2001;74: 407–10

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    1. Maldjian JA,
    2. Laurienti PJ,
    3. Kraft RA,
    4. et al

    . An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 2003;19: 1233–39

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Celle S,
    2. Roche F,
    3. Peyron R,
    4. et al

    . Lack of specific gray matter alterations in restless legs syndrome in elderly subjects. J Neurol 2010;257: 344–48

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Comley RA,
    2. Cervenka S,
    3. Palhagen SE,
    4. et al

    . Comparison of gray matter density in restless legs syndrome patients and matched controls using voxel-based morphometry. J Neuroimaging 2012;22: 28–32

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    1. Chakos MH,
    2. Lieberman JA,
    3. Alvir J,
    4. et al

    . Caudate nuclei volumes in schizophrenic patients treated with typical antipsychotics or clozapine. Lancet 1995;18: 456–57
23. 23.↵
    1. Scheepers FE,
    2. Gespen de Wied CC,
    3. Kahn RS

    . The effect of olanzapine treatment on m-chlorophenylpiperazine-induced hormone release in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21: 575–82

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    1. Tyvaert L,
    2. Houdayer E,
    3. Devanne H,
    4. et al

    . Cortical involvement in the sensory and motor symptoms of primary restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2009 10: 1090–96

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    1. Clemens S,
    2. Rye D,
    3. Hochman S

    . Restless legs syndrome: revisiting the dopamine hypothesis from the spinal cord perspective. Neurology 2006;67: 125–30

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    1. Connor JR,
    2. Ponnuru P,
    3. Wang XS,
    4. et al

    . Profile of altered brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Brain 2011;134: 959–68. Epub 2011 Mar 11

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
27. 27.↵
    1. Connor JR,
    2. Wang XS,
    3. Patton SM,
    4. et al

    . Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004;62: 1563–67

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Rodrigue KM,
    2. Haacke EM,
    3. Raz N

    . Differential effects of age and history of hypertension on regional brain volumes and iron. Neuroimage 2011;54: 750–59

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Argyropoulou MI,
    2. Astrakas L

    . MRI evaluation of tissue iron burden in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. Pediatr Radiol 2007;37: 1191–200

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Du F,
    2. Qian ZM,
    3. Zhu L,
    4. et al

    . L-DOPA neurotoxicity is mediated by up-regulation of DMT1-IRE expression. PLoS One 2009;4: e4593

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Sun ER,
    2. Chen CA,
    3. Ho G,
    4. et al

    . Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998;21: 371–77

    PubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Argyropoulou MI,
    2. Kiortsis D,
    3. Astrakas L,
    4. et al

    . Liver, bone marrow, pancreas and pituitary gland iron overload in young and adult thalassemic patients: a T2 relaxometry study. Eur Radiol 2007;17: 3025–30

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Ciccarelli O,
    2. Toosy AT,
    3. Marsden JF,
    4. et al

    . Identifying brain regions for integrative sensorimotor processing with ankle movements. Exp Brain Res 2005 166: 31–42

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    1. Alexander GE,
    2. Crutcher MD

    . Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci 1990;13: 266–71

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    1. Khaldy H,
    2. León J,
    3. Escames G,
    4. et al

    . Circadian rhythms of dopamine and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid in the mouse striatum: effects of pinealectomy and of melatonin treatment. Neuroendocrinology 2002;75: 201–08

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Zywicke HA,
    2. van Gelderen P,
    3. Connor JR,
    4. et al

    . Microscopic R2* mapping of reduced brain iron in the Belgrade rat. Ann Neurol 2002;52: 102–05

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    1. Petrides M,
    2. Pandya DN

    . Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11: 1011–36

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. 38.↵
    1. Okun MS,
    2. Fernandez HH,
    3. Foote KD

    . Deep brain stimulation of the GPi treats restless legs syndrome associated with dystonia. Mov Disord 2005;20: 500–01

    CrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Kedia S,
    2. Moro E,
    3. Tagliati M,
    4. et al

    . Emergence of restless legs syndrome during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurology 2004;63: 2410–12

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    1. Driver-Dunckley E,
    2. Evidente VG,
    3. Adler CH,
    4. et al

    . Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease patients may improve with subthalamic stimulation. Mov Disord 2006;21: 1287–89

    CrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Benabid AL,
    2. Chabardes S,
    3. Mitrofanis J,
    4. et al

    . Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2009;8: 67–81

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. 42.↵
    1. Gómez-Esteban JC,
    2. Tijero B,
    3. Ciordia R,
    4. et al

    . Factors influencing the symmetry of Parkinson's disease symptoms. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010;112: 302–05

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    1. Lu CS,
    2. Ikeda A,
    3. Terada K,
    4. et al

    . Electrophysiological studies of early stage corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 1998;13: 140–46

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
44. 44.↵
    1. Yarnitsky D,
    2. Barron SA,
    3. Bental E

    . Disappearance of phantom pain after focal brain infarction. Pain 1998;32: 285–87
45. 45.↵
    1. Saalmann YB,
    2. Kastner S

    . Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009;19: 408–14

    CrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    1. San Pedro EC,
    2. Mountz JM,
    3. Mountz JD,
    4. et al

    . Familial painful restless legs syndrome correlates with pain dependent variation of blood flow to the caudate, thalamus, and anterior cingulate gyrus. J Rheumatol 1998;25: 2270–75

    PubMedWeb of Science
47. 47.↵
    1. Hagelberg N,
    2. Jääskeläinen SK,
    3. Martikainen IK,
    4. et al

    . Striatal dopamine D2 receptors in modulation of pain in humans: a review. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;500: 187–92

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science