Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   2. Bradley WG Jr.,
   3. Kortman KE,
   4. Burgoyne B

   . Flowing cerebrospinal fluid in normal and hydrocephalic states: appearance on MR images. Radiology 1986;159:611–16

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   2. Mark AS,
   3. Feinberg DA,
   4. Sze GK, et al

   . Gated magnetic resonance imaging of the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Acta Radiol Suppl 1986;369:296–99

   PubMed
3. 3.↵
   2. Bradley WG Jr.,
   3. Whittemore AR,
   4. Kortman KE, et al

   . Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Radiology 1991;178:459–66

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.↵
   2. Krauss JK,
   3. Regel JP,
   4. Vach W, et al

   . Flow void of cerebrospinal fluid in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: can it predict outcome after shunting? Neurosurgery 1997;40:67–73, discussion 73–74

   PubMed
5. 5.↵
   2. Singer JR

   . Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1986;8:251–59

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. Singer JR,
   3. Crooks LE

   . Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements in the human brain. Science 1983;221:654–56

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Feinberg DA,
   3. Mark AS

   . Human brain motion and cerebrospinal fluid circulation demonstrated with MR velocity imaging. Radiology 1987;163:793–99

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   2. Dumoulin CL,
   3. Yucel EK,
   4. Vock P, et al

   . Two- and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the abdomen. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:779–84

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Tsuruda JS,
   3. Shimakawa A,
   4. Pelc NJ, et al

   . Dural sinus occlusion: evaluation with phase-sensitive gradient-echo MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:481–88

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    2. Connor SE,
    3. O'Gorman R,
    4. Summers P, et al

    . SPAMM, cine phase contrast imaging and fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging in the study of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Clin Radiol 2001;56:763–72

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Saloner D

    . The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: an introduction to MR angiography. Radiographics 1995;15:453–65

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Balédent O,
    3. Gondry-Jouet C,
    4. Meyer ME, et al

    . Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and blood dynamics in healthy volunteers and patients with communicating hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 2004;39:45–55

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    2. Greitz D,
    3. Hannerz J,
    4. Rähn T, et al

    . MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in health and disease: on the vascular pathogenesis of communicating hydrocephalus and benign intracranial hypertension. Acta Radiol 1994;35:204–11

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
14. 14.↵
    2. Wagshul ME,
    3. Chen JJ,
    4. Egnor MR, et al

    . Amplitude and phase of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations: experimental studies and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2006;104:810–19

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    2. Greitz D

    . Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics: a radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography. Acta Radiol Suppl 1993;386:1–23

    PubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Naidich TP,
    3. Altman NR,
    4. Gonzalez-Arias SM

    . Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging: normal cerebrospinal fluid oscillation and applications to hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1993;4:677–705

    PubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Bateman GA,
    3. Levi CR,
    4. Schofield P, et al

    . The pathophysiology of the aqueduct stroke volume in normal pressure hydrocephalus: can co-morbidity with other forms of dementia be excluded? Neuroradiology 2005;47:741–48

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    2. Stoquart-ElSankari S,
    3. Balédent O,
    4. Gondry-Jouet C, et al

    . Aging effects on cerebral blood and cerebrospinal fluid flows. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007;27:1563–72

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    2. Bradley WG Jr.,
    3. Scalzo D,
    4. Queralt J, et al

    . Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation with cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements at MR imaging. Radiology 1996;198:523–29

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    2. Luetmer PH,
    3. Huston J,
    4. Friedman JA, et al

    . Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct by use of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: technique validation and utility in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2002;50:534–43, discussion 543–44

    PubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    2. Egeler-Peerdeman SM,
    3. Barkhof F,
    4. Walchenbach R, et al

    . Cine phase-contrast MR imaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus patients: relation to surgical outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998;71:340–42

    PubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Dixon GR,
    3. Friedman JA,
    4. Luetmer PH, et al

    . Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:509–14

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    2. Poca MA,
    3. Sahuquillo J,
    4. Busto M, et al

    . Agreement between CSF flow dynamics in MRI and ICP monitoring in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity and specificity of CSF dynamics to predict outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2002;81:7–10

    PubMed
24. 24.↵
    2. Gideon P,
    3. Ståhlberg F,
    4. Thomsen C, et al

    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow and production in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus studied by MRI. Neuroradiology 1994;36:210–15

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Haughton VM,
    3. Korosec FR,
    4. Medow JE, et al

    . Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:169–76

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    2. Iskandar BJ,
    3. Quigley M,
    4. Haughton VM

    . Foramen magnum cerebrospinal fluid flow characteristics in children with Chiari I malformation before and after craniocervical decompression. J Neurosurg 2004;101(2 suppl):169–78

    PubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Quigley MF,
    3. Iskandar B,
    4. Quigley ME, et al

    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation. Radiology 2004;232:229–36

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. 28.↵
    2. Bateman GA

    . Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1574–85

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
29. 29.↵
    2. Bateman GA,
    3. Loiselle AM

    . Can MR measurement of intracranial hydrodynamics and compliance differentiate which patient with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus will improve following shunt insertion? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007;149:455–62, discussion 462

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    2. Balédent O,
    3. Henry-Feugeas MC,
    4. Idy-Peretti I

    . Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and relation with blood flow: a magnetic resonance study with semiautomated cerebrospinal fluid segmentation. Invest Radiol 2001;36:368–77

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    2. Henry-Feugeas MC,
    3. Idy-Peretti I,
    4. Baledent O, et al

    . Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: MR analysis in chronic adult hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 2001;36:146–54

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    2. Kahlon B,
    3. Annertz M,
    4. Ståhlberg F, et al

    . Is aqueductal stroke volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus? Neurosurgery 2007;60:124–29, discussion 129–30

    PubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Scollato A,
    3. Tenenbaum R,
    4. Bahl G, et al

    . Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:192–97

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    2. Egnor M,
    3. Zheng L,
    4. Rosiello A, et al

    . A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 2002;36:281–303

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    2. Branco G,
    3. Goulão A,
    4. Ferro JM

    . MRI in aqueduct compression and obstructive hydrocephalus due to an ecstatic basilar artery. Neuroradiology 1993;35:447–48

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Bradley WG

    . Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and shunt responsiveness in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:507–08

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    2. Yamada S,
    3. Miyazaki M,
    4. Kanazawa H, et al

    . Visualization of cerebrospinal fluid movement with spin labeling at MR imaging: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. Radiology 2008;249:644–52

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Miyazaki M,
    3. Lee VS

    . Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology 2008;248:20–43

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. 39.↵
    2. Chen X,
    3. Xia C,
    4. Sun J, et al

    . Nonenhanced renal artery MR angiography with time spatial labeling inversion pulse technology and its clinical values[in Chinese]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2010;41:881–84

    PubMed
40. 40.↵
    2. Hori M,
    3. Aoki S,
    4. Oishi H, et al

    . Utility of time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material for assessment of intracranial dural arterio-venous fistula. Acta Radiol 2011;52:808–12

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
41. 41.↵
    2. Ishimori Y,
    3. Monma M,
    4. Kawamura H, et al

    . Time spatial labeling inversion pulse cerebral MR angiography without subtraction by use of dual inversion recovery background suppression. Radiol Phys Technol 2011;4:78–83

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    2. Kogure T,
    3. Kogure K,
    4. Iizuka M, et al

    . Effective use of flow-spoiled FBI and time-SLIP methods in the diagnostic study of an aberrant vessel of the head and neck: “left jugular venous steal by the right jugular vein.” J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;32:429–33

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    2. Satogami N,
    3. Okada T,
    4. Koyama T, et al

    . Visualization of external carotid artery and its branches: non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography using balanced steady-state free-precession sequence and a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30:678–83

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Sugita R,
    3. Furuta A,
    4. Horaguchi J, et al

    . Visualization of pancreatic juice movement using unenhanced MR imaging with spin labeling: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;35:1119–24

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    2. Yamada S,
    3. Goto T

    . Understanding of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in idiopathic hydrocephalus (A) visualization of CSF bulk flow with MRI time-spatial labeling pulse method (time-SLIP) [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010;50:966–70

    CrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    2. Yamada S,
    3. Shibata M,
    4. Scadeng M, et al

    . MRI tracer study of the cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathway in normal and hydrocephalic guinea pig brain. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2005;30:21–29

    PubMed
47. 47.↵
    2. Yamada S,
    3. Goto T,
    4. McComb JG

    . Use of a spin-labeled cerebrospinal fluid magnetic resonance imaging technique to demonstrate successful endoscopic fenestration of an enlarging symptomatic cavum septi pellucidi. World Neurosurg 2013:80:436.e15–18
48. 48.↵
    2. Shaw CM,
    3. Alvord EC Jr.

    . Cava septi pellucid et vergae: their normal and pathological states. Brain 1969;92:213–23

    FREE Full Text
49. 49.↵
    2. Yamada S,
    3. Miyazaki M,
    4. Yamashita Y, et al

    . Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013;10:36

    CrossRefPubMed