MRI Findings of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Hypophysitis: Possible Association with Fibrosis

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Thompson JA,
   3. Schneider BJ,
   4. Brahmer J, et al

   . Management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, version 1. 2019. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019;17:255–89 doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.0013 pmid:30865922

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   2. Phan GQ,
   3. Yang JC,
   4. Sherry RM, et al

   . Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:8372–77 doi:10.1073/pnas.1533209100 pmid:12826605

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   2. Barroso-Sousa R,
   3. Barry WT,
   4. Garrido-Castro AC, et al

   . Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:173–82 doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064 pmid:28973656

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Wang DY,
   3. Salem JE,
   4. Cohen JV, et al

   . Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:1721–88 doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3923 pmid:30242316

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   2. Caturegli P,
   3. Di Dalmazi G,
   4. Lombardi M, et al

   . Hypophysitis secondary to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 blockade: insights into pathogenesis from an autopsy series. Am J Pathol 2016;186:3225–35 doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.020 pmid:27750046

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. Tan MH,
   3. Iyengar R,
   4. Mizokami-Stout K, et al

   . Spectrum of immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced endocrinopathies in cancer patients: a scoping review of case reports. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;5:1 doi:10.1186/s40842-018-0073-4 pmid:30693099

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   2. Joshi MN,
   3. Whitelaw BC,
   4. Carroll PV

   . Mechanisms in endocrinology: hypophysitis: diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 2018;179:R151–63 doi:10.1530/EJE-17-0009 pmid:29880706

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   2. Nakata Y,
   3. Sato N,
   4. Masumoto T, et al

   . Parasellar T2 dark sign on MR imaging in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1944–50 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2201 pmid:20651017

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   2. Bando H,
   3. Iguchi G,
   4. Fukuoka H, et al

   . The prevalence of IgG4-related hypophysitis in 170 consecutive patients with hypopituitarism and/or central diabetes insipidus and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;170:161–72 doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0642 pmid:24165017

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    2. Iseda I,
    3. Hida K,
    4. Tone A, et al

    . Prednisolone markedly reduced serum IgG4 levels along with the improvement of pituitary mass and anterior pituitary function in a patient with IgG4-related infundibulo-hypophysitis. Endocr J 2014;61:195–203 doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0407 pmid:24335007

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Kong X,
    3. Wang R,
    4. Yang Y, et al

    . Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis mimicking pituitary abscess. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e1099 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001099 pmid:26181544

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Unlu E,
    3. Puyan FO,
    4. Bilgi S, et al

    . Granulomatous hypophysitis: presentation and MRI appearance. J Clin Neurosci 2006;13:1062–66 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.046 pmid:17113990

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Gutenberg A,
    3. Caturegli P,
    4. Metz I, et al

    . Necrotizing infundibulo-hypophysitis: an entity too rare to be true? Pituitary 2012;15:202–08 doi:10.1007/s11102-011-0307-2 pmid:21479815

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Albarel F,
    3. Castinetti F,
    4. Brue T

    . Management of endocrine disease: immune check point inhibitors-induced hypophysitis. Eur J Endocrinol 2019;181:R107–18 doi:10.1530/EJE-19-0169 pmid:31311002

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Carpenter KJ,
    3. Murtagh RD,
    4. Lilienfeld H, et al

    . Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:1751–53 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1623 pmid:19474123

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
16. 16.↵
    2. Yadav P,
    3. Singhal S,
    4. Chauhan S, et al

    . MRI evaluation of size and shape of normal pituitary gland: age and sex related changes. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:TC01–04 doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/31034.10933

    CrossRef
17. 17.↵
    2. Dinç, H,
    3. Esen F,
    4. Demirci A, et al

    . Pituitary dimensions and volume measurements in pregnancy and postpartum MR assessment. Acta Radiol 1998;39:64–69 doi:10.1080/02841859809172152 pmid:9498873

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    2. Satogami N,
    3. Miki Y,
    4. Koyama T, et al

    . Normal pituitary stalk: high-resolution MR imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:355–59 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1836 pmid:19797792

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    2. Lee SJ,
    3. Yoo HJ,
    4. Park SW, et al

    . A case of cystic lymphocytic hypophysitis with cacosmia and hypopituitarism. Endocr J 2004;51:375–80 doi:10.1507/endocrj.51.375 pmid:15256785

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.
    2. Hanna B,
    3. Li YM,
    4. Beutler T, et al

    . Xanthomatous hypophysitis. J Clin Neurosci 2015;22:1091–97 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.019 pmid:25957783

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Ćaćić M,
    3. Marinković J,
    4. Kruljac I, et al

    . Ischemic pituitary apoplexy, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus: a triad unique to necrotizing hypophysitis. Acta Clin Croat 2018;57:768–71 doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.04.20 pmid:31168215

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Dillard T,
    3. Yedinak CG,
    4. Alumkal J, et al

    . Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary 2010;13:29–38 doi:10.1007/s11102-009-0193-z pmid:19639414

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.
    2. Nallapaneni NN,
    3. Mourya R,
    4. Bhatt VR, et al

    . Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis and uveitis in a patient with metastatic melanoma and a history of ipilimumab-induced skin rash. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014;12:1077–81 doi:10.6004/jnccn.2014.0105 pmid:25099440

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    2. Zhao C,
    3. Tella SH,
    4. Del Rivero J, et al

    . Anti-PD-L1 treatment induced central diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:365–69 doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01905 pmid:29220526

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    2. Postow MA,
    3. Sidlow R,
    4. Hellmann MD

    . Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med 2018;378:158–68 doi:10.1056/NEJMra1703481 pmid:29320654

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. Robert C,
    3. Schachter J,
    4. Long GV, et al

    . Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2521–32 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503093

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Larkin J,
    3. Chiarion-Sileni V,
    4. Gonzalez R, et al

    . Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015;373:23–34 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504030 pmid:26027431

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    2. Lupi I,
    3. Brancatella A,
    4. Cosottini M, et al

    . Clinical heterogeneity of hypophysitis secondary to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: insights from four cases. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2019;2019:19–102 doi:10.1530/EDM-19-0102 pmid:31610523

    CrossRefPubMed