Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis is Associated with Delayed Reperfusion of Remaining Vessel Occlusions following Incomplete Thrombectomy

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Goyal M,
   3. Menon BK,
   4. Van Zwam WH, et al

   ; HERMES Collaborators. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387:1723–31 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00163-X pmid:26898852

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   2. Fischer U,
   3. Kaesmacher J,
   4. Strbian D, et al

   ; SWIFT DIRECT Collaborators. Thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients with stroke: an open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2022;400:104–15 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00537-2 pmid:35810756

   CrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   2. Chen VH,
   3. Lee GK,
   4. Tan CH, et al

   . Intra-arterial adjunctive medications for acute ischemic stroke during mechanical thrombectomy: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2021;52:1192–202 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031738 pmid:33611941

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Kaesmacher J,
   3. Meinel TR,
   4. Kurmann C, et al

   . Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolytics as adjunct to mechanical thrombectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational data. J Neurointerv Surg 2021;13:1073–80 doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016680 pmid:33514609

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   2. Kaesmacher J,
   3. Bellwald S,
   4. Dobrocky T, et al

   . Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial urokinase after failed, unsuccessful, or incomplete mechanical thrombectomy in anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:318–26 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4192 pmid:31816018

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. Lee M,
   3. Hong K,
   4. Saver JL, et al

   . Efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2010;41:932–37 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.574335 pmid:20360549

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Renu A,
   3. Millan M,
   4. San Roman L, et al

   ; CHOICE Investigators. Effect of intra-arterial alteplase vs placebo following successful thrombectomy on functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke: the CHOICE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022;327:826–35 doi:10.1001/jama.2022.1645 pmid:35143603

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   2. Del Zoppo GJ,
   3. Higashida RT,
   4. Furlan AJ, et al

   . PROACT: a Phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 1998;29:4–11 doi:10.1161/01.str.29.1.4 pmid:9445320

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   2. Furlan AJ,
   3. Higashida RT,
   4. Wechsler LR

   . Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999;82:203–11
10. 10.↵
    2. Mujanovic A,
    3. Jungi N,
    4. Kurmann CC, et al

    . Importance of delayed reperfusions in patients with incomplete thrombectomy. Stroke 2022;53:3350–58 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.040063 pmid:36205143

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Laredo C,
    3. Rodríguez A,
    4. Oleaga L, et al

    . Adjunct thrombolysis enhances brain reperfusion following successful thrombectomy. Ann Neurol 2022;92:860–70 doi:10.1002/ana.26474 pmid:36054449

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Zaidat OO,
    3. Yoo AJ,
    4. Khatri P, et al

    ; STIR Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) Task Force. Recommendations on angiographic revascularization grading standards for acute ischemic stroke: a consensus statement. Stroke 2013;44:2650–63 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001972 pmid:23920012

    FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    2. Mujanovic A,
    3. Kammer C,
    4. Kurmann CC, et al

    . Association of intravenous thrombolysis with delayed reperfusion after incomplete mechanical thrombectomy. Clin Neuroradiol 2023;33:87–98 doi:10.1007/s00062-022-01186-7 pmid:35833948

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Mujanovic A,
    3. Ng F,
    4. Meinel TR, et al

    . No-reflow phenomenon in stroke patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical data. Int J Stroke 2023 Jun 8 [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1177/17474930231180434 pmid:37231702

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Kurth T,
    3. Walker AM,
    4. Glynn RJ, et al

    . Results of multivariable logistic regression, propensity matching, propensity adjustment, and propensity-based weighting under conditions of nonuniform effect. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:262–70 doi:10.1093/aje/kwj047 pmid:16371515

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    2. Shiba K,
    3. Kawahara T

    . Using propensity scores for causal inference: pitfalls and tips. J Epidemiol 2021;31:457–63 doi:10.2188/jea.JE20210145 pmid:34121051

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Robins JM,
    3. Hernán MÁ,
    4. Brumback B

    . Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000;11:550–60 doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 pmid:10955408

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    2. Raad H,
    3. Cornelius V,
    4. Chan S, et al

    . An evaluation of inverse probability weighting using the propensity score for baseline covariate adjustment in smaller population randomised controlled trials with a continuous outcome. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020;20:1–12 doi:10.1186/s12874-020-00947-7 pmid:32293286

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Ogawa A,
    3. Mori E,
    4. Minematsu K, et al

    ; MELT Japan Study Group. Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the Middle Cerebral Artery Embolism Local Fibrinolytic Intervention Trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke 2007;38:2633–39 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.488551 pmid:17702958

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    2. Kaesmacher J,
    3. Abdullayev N,
    4. Maamari B, et al

    . Safety and angiographic efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolytics as adjunct to mechanical thrombectomy: results from the INFINITY registry. J Stroke 2021;23:91–102 doi:10.5853/jos.2020.01788 pmid:33600706

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Cui W,
    3. Liu R,
    4. Jin H, et al

    . The protective effect of polyethylene glycol-conjugated urokinase nanogels in rat models of ischemic stroke when administrated outside the usual time window. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020;523:887–93 doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.032 pmid:31955887

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Nan D,
    3. Jin H,
    4. Yang D, et al

    . Combination of polyethylene glycol-conjugated urokinase nanogels and urokinase for acute ischemic stroke therapeutic implications. Transl Stroke Res 2021;12:844–57 doi:10.1007/s12975-020-00865-2 pmid:33067776

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Zaidi SF,
    3. Castonguay AC,
    4. Jumaa MA, et al

    . Intraarterial thrombolysis as rescue therapy for large vessel occlusions. Stroke 2019;50:1003–06 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.024442 pmid:30791829

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    2. De Silva DA,
    3. Fink JN,
    4. Christensen S, et al

    ; Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET) Investigators. Assessing reperfusion and recanalization as markers of clinical outcomes after intravenous thrombolysis in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET). Stroke 2009;40:2872–74 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.543595 pmid:19478228

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
25. 25.↵
    2. Albers GW,
    3. Thijs VN,
    4. Wechsler L, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 2006;60:508–17 doi:10.1002/ana.20976 pmid:17066483

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    2. Xu Y,
    3. Qian G,
    4. Wei L, et al

    . Predictive factors for the spontaneous recanalization of large and middle cerebral arteries after acute occlusion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016;25:1896–900 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.04.009 pmid:27177923

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Kaesmacher J,
    3. Peschi G,
    4. Abdullayev N, et al

    . Factors associated with early reperfusion improvement after intra-arterial fibrinolytics as rescue for mechanical thrombectomy. Clincal and Translational Neuroscience 2021;5:2514183X2110173 doi:10.1177/2514183X211017363

    CrossRef
28. 28.↵
    2. Jang SH,
    3. Park H,
    4. Lee S, et al

    . The safety of intra-arterial tirofiban during endovascular therapy after intravenous thrombolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021;42:1633–37 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7203 pmid:34301637

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
29. 29.↵
    2. Meyer L,
    3. Stracke CP,
    4. Wallocha M, et al

    ; TOPMOST Study Group. Thrombectomy for secondary distal, medium vessel occlusions of the posterior circulation: Seeking complete reperfusion. J Neurointerv Surg 2021;14:654–59 doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-017742 pmid:34272260

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Kharel S,
    3. Nepal G,
    4. Joshi PR, et al

    . Safety and efficacy of low-cost alternative urokinase in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2022;106:103–09 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.015 pmid:36274296

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Wang DT,
    3. Churilov L,
    4. Dowling R, et al

    . Successful recanalization post endovascular therapy is associated with a decreased risk of intracranial haemorrhage: a retrospective study. BMC Neurol 2015;15:185 doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0442-x pmid:26445968

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Cho E,
    3. Lee KJ,
    4. Seo JW, et al

    . Neuroprotection by urokinase plasminogen activator in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2012;46:215–24 doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.010 pmid:22293605

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Diaz A,
    3. Merino P,
    4. Manrique LG, et al

    . A cross talk between neuronal urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and astrocytic uPA receptor (uPAR) promotes astrocytic activation and synaptic recovery in the ischemic brain. J Neurosci 2017;37:10310–22 doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1630-17.2017 pmid:28931568

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    2. Goyal M,
    3. Ospel JM,
    4. Menon B, et al

    . Challenging the ischemic core concept in acute ischemic stroke imaging. Stroke 2020;51:3147–55 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030620 pmid:32933417

    CrossRefPubMed