Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke is performed with the patient under local anesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia. According to recent trials, up to 16% of patients require emergency conversion to general anesthesia during mechanical thrombectomy. This study investigated the procedural and clinical outcomes after emergency conversion in comparison with local anesthesia, conscious sedation, and general anesthesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 254 patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for acute large-vessel occlusion. The procedure was started with the patient either under local anesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia. Emergency conversion was defined as induction of general anesthesia during mechanical thrombectomy. The primary outcomes were successful reperfusion (TICI 2b/3) and functional independence (mRS at 90 days, ≤2).
RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (9.8%) required emergency conversion to general anesthesia. The time from admission to flow restoration was increased under general anesthesia (median, 137 minutes) and emergency conversion (median, 138 minutes) compared with local anesthesia (median 110 minutes). After adjustment for confounders, emergency conversion to general anesthesia and primary general anesthesia had comparable chances of successful reperfusion (OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 0.31–5.25). Patients with emergency conversion had a tendency toward higher chances of functional independence (OR = 4.48; 95% CI, 0.49–40.86) compared with primary general anesthesia, but not compared with local anesthesia (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.14–5.11) and conscious sedation (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.17–6.53).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with emergency conversion did not have lower chances of successful reperfusion or functional independence compared those with primary general anesthesia, and time to flow restoration was also similar. We found no evidence supporting the primary induction of general anesthesia in patients at risk for emergency conversion.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CS
- conscious sedation
- GA
- general anesthesia
- MAP
- mean arterial pressure
In acute ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion, mechanical thrombectomy combined with standard treatment has been shown to be more effective than standard therapy alone and is now considered standard of care.1⇓⇓⇓⇓-6 However, the optimal anesthesia management during thrombectomy is still controversial.7⇓⇓-10
Patients are usually allocated to either local anesthesia, conscious sedation (CS), or general anesthesia (GA) before initiation of mechanical thrombectomy. However, up to 16% of patients who undergo thrombectomy under initial local anesthesia or CS require emergency conversion to GA during the procedure, often due to severe agitation or loss of airway-protective reflexes.11⇓-13 The impact of conversion to GA on procedural and clinical outcomes is unknown.
We therefore conducted a retrospective study with the aim of comparing procedural and clinical outcomes of patients requiring emergency conversion to GA with those of patients undergoing treatment under either local anesthesia, CS, or GA for the entire intervention. Our hypotheses were that there are differences in the time from admission to flow restoration and in the numbers of successful reperfusions and/or good clinical outcomes between emergency conversion and the 3 groups with other anesthesia management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient Selection
Between June 2015 and January 2018, all patients older than 18 years of age who underwent endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke of the anterior circulation at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf were enrolled. During this time, local anesthesia with or without CS was the preferred anesthesia management. GA was induced before mechanical thrombectomy only if deemed necessary due to clinical conditions (coma, apnea, loss of airway protection, uncontrollable patient movement) or if patients arrived already intubated following transfer from another hospital.
Study procedures were conducted following the protocol of the German Stroke Registry in accordance with ethical guidelines (Ethics Committee of the Hamburg Chamber of Physicians, Hamburg, Germany) and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all capable patients or available legal representatives.
Intervention and Airway Management
All patients were under the supervision of an anesthesiologist during the entire procedure. Mechanical thrombectomy was initiated with the patient under either local anesthesia, CS, or GA. Local anesthesia or CS was the preferred protocol in nonagitated, compliant patients with patent airways. The decision to induce GA during mechanical thrombectomy was made by both the neurointerventionalist and the anesthesiologist in cases of excessive patient movement, complications, respiratory failure, or loss of airway-protective reflexes.
During CS and GA, the final combination and dosages of the administered anesthetics were left to the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist. Propofol was the preferred sedative, either fractionized or continuously administered (1–3 mg/kg/h). Remifentanil, midazolam, and piritramide were used if propofol was deemed inappropriate or insufficient.
GA was induced following preoxygenation with an opioid for systemic anesthesia, a bolus of propofol for sedation, and rocuronium or suxamethonium for relaxation as a rapid sequence induction. Airway patency was maintained by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol (2–10 mg/kg/h) and an opioid.
Throughout the procedure, the patient’s oxygenation, ventilation, and hemodynamics were continually monitored. Care was taken to avoid hypotension to maintain sufficient perfusion of penumbral tissue14 by the perfusor-controlled infusion of norepinephrine (titrated in steps of 0.05–0.1 µg/kg/min). After emergency conversion or GA, all patients were transferred to a neurointensive care unit without prior extubation in the neurointerventional suite.
Data Acquisition and Analysis
Baseline data were documented, as well as prehospital mRS and admission NIHSS. Procedural data included time intervals between symptom onset (if available), admission, imaging, groin puncture and reperfusion, and complications during and after mechanical thrombectomy. Anesthesiology protocols were reviewed for the type of anesthesia management, administered medication, and blood pressure records. A drop of blood pressure was defined as a >25% decrease of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during the intervention before achieving intracranial reperfusion. Clinical outcome parameters included NIHSS and mRS scores at 24 hours and at discharge and the mRS score at 90 days. Functional independence was defined as mRS at 90 days ≤2.
Image Analysis
All image analyses were performed by an experienced neuroradiologist (>5 years of experience). Baseline ASPECTS was routinely assessed on preintervention nonenhanced CT scans or diffusion-weighted images.15 The collateral score was determined on admission CT angiography using the system of Maas et al.16 TICI scores were determined in a final angiographic series, and TICI 2b/3 was considered indicative of successful reperfusion, which was the primary procedural outcome.
Statistical Analysis
Categoric variables are reported as absolute and relative frequencies; continuous variables, as mean and SD when approximate normal distribution holds, and as median and first and third quartiles (Q1, Q3) otherwise. To better compare the median time from admission to flow restoration among groups, we estimated the 95% bootstrap confidence intervals of the differences in medians.17,18 We applied logistic regression to model the associations between the primary procedural and clinical outcomes and the 4 anesthesia groups (local anesthesia, CS, emergency conversion, GA), adjusting for relevant confounders: age, sex, admission NIHSS, prestroke mRS, comorbidities (systolic blood pressure on admission, arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, active smoking), application of intravenous thrombolysis, location of vessel occlusion, and, additionally, for successful reperfusion and occurrence of a significant drop in blood pressure in the analysis of functional independence. On the basis of these models, we performed a likelihood-ratio χ2 test to assess global differences in outcomes among the 4 groups as implemented in the R car package19 and derived OR estimates along with 95% CIs. Individual comparisons among the anesthesia groups were adjusted with the Tukey method, based on the R multcomp package,20 visualized with the ggplot2 package.21
As a subset analysis, we performed the same models, additionally adjusting for collateral status and the time from symptom onset to reperfusion due to a high number of missing values in these variables. Instead of 238 observations with complete datasets, models were then based on 110 observations. Analyses were performed with the statistical software R.22
RESULTS
Baseline Characteristics
Of the 307 patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy in the designated time period, 255 patients met the inclusion criteria. One patient had to be excluded due to missing anesthesia records. Of the 254 included patients, 53% were women, and the mean age was 72.1 ± 12.6 years. The median NIHSS score on admission was 15 (Q1–Q3, 12–19), and 15% of patients presented with a prestroke mRS of ≥2. The median ASPECTS on admission imaging was 7 (range, 6–9). GA was induced before endovascular treatment in 59 patients (23.2%). In 94 patients (37.0%), endovascular treatment was completed with the patient under local anesthesia, 76 patients (29.9%) had CS, and 25 patients (9.8%) required emergency conversion during the procedure (Table 1).
Baseline characteristics
Patients with emergency conversion had a higher median NIHSS at admission compared with patients treated under local anesthesia and CS, but a lower median NIHSS than patients treated under GA (emergency conversion: 17 versus local anesthesia and CS, 15, versus GA, 18). The median initial ASPECTS on imaging was lower in patients with emergency conversion and GA (emergency conversion and GA, 7, versus local anesthesia and CS, 8). Proximal M1 occlusions were more frequent in patients with emergency conversion compared with patients with GA (emergency conversion, 52.0%, versus GA, 37.3%).
Reasons for Emergency Conversion, Anesthesia Management, and Procedural Data
Before emergency conversion, 17/25 patients (68%) received sedative agents. Sedative agents used before emergency conversion were propofol (n = 10), remifentanil (n = 3), propofol and piritramide (n = 2), and midazolam (n = 2).
The median time from groin puncture to emergency conversion was 35 minutes (Q1–Q3, 25–60 minutes). The median number of passes before conversion to GA was 0 (Q1–Q3, 0–1). Reported reasons for emergency conversion were excessive patient movement (n = 18), neurologic deterioration (n = 4), periprocedural hemorrhage (n = 1), intention of stent placement in the intracranial ICA (n = 1), and emesis (n = 1).
None of the patients had a complication as a result of emergency conversion.
Time Intervals from Admission to Flow Restoration
Patients with emergency conversion had a shorter median time from admission to imaging than patients with primary GA (emergency conversion, 13.5 minutes, versus GA, 18 minutes) and from imaging to groin puncture (emergency conversion, 50.5 minutes, versus GA, 77.5 minutes). However, in patients who required emergency conversion during mechanical thrombectomy, the time from groin puncture to flow restoration was longer compared with local anesthesia, CS, and GA (emergency conversion, 79 minutes, versus GA, 51.5 minutes; local anesthesia, 39 minutes; CS, 47 minutes).
Overall, the time from admission to flow restoration was longer in patients with emergency conversion compared with those receiving local anesthesia (emergency conversion [median], 138 minutes, versus local anesthesia, 110 minutes; difference of medians, 28 minutes; 95% CI, 4.5–54.5 minutes) but not longer than in those undergoing GA (emergency conversion, 138 minutes, versus GA, 137 minutes; difference of medians, 1 minute; 95% CI, −22–35.5 minutes).
Proportion of Successful Reperfusion
Overall, successful reperfusion (TICI 2b/3) was achieved in 69.1% of all patients, but proportions varied among the 4 groups (local anesthesia, 79.8%; CS, 69.7%, emergency conversion, 64.0%; GA, 54.2%; Table 2).
Procedural outcome
On the basis of the multivariable logistic regression, the chances of successful reperfusion differed significantly among the 4 anesthesia groups (P value = .002). However, there were no significant differences between emergency conversion and the other 3 groups, especially not between emergency conversion and GA (Fig 1; OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 0.31–5.25). There was a tendency toward lower chances of successful reperfusion after emergency conversion compared with local anesthesia (OR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.06–1.06) and, to a lesser extent, compared with CS (OR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.13–2.18).
Adjusted odds ratio estimates with 95% confidence intervals comparing patients after emergency conversion with those who received local anesthesia, conscious sedation, and primary general anesthesia for successful reperfusion and functional independence. Successful reperfusion is TICI 2b/3 on the final angiogram, P = .002, for global differences across all groups (likelihood-ratio χ2 test). Functional independence was mRS at 90 days ≤ 2, P = .12, for global differences across all groups (likelihood-ratio χ2 test). Results are derived from logistic regression models, adjusted for confounders (age, sex, admission NIHSS, prestroke mRS >1, ASPECTS on admission imaging, comorbidities, application of IV thrombolysis, location of vessel occlusion and, additionally, TICI 2b/3 and occurrence of a drop of MAP in the analysis of functional independence) and based on 238 complete observations.
In the subset analysis extending the model with time from symptom onset and collateral score, there was no longer any significant difference among the 4 anesthesia groups (P value = .52). When we compared emergency conversion and GA in this subset analysis, emergency conversion showed a tendency toward lower odds of successful reperfusion (On-line Table; OR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.01–5.04).
Clinical Outcomes
At 24 hours, at discharge, and at 90 days, patients after local anesthesia and CS had the lowest NIHSS and mRS scores, while emergency conversion and GA scores were comparable (Table 3). The proportion of functional independence was highest after local anesthesia (32.2%), followed by CS (29.2%), emergency conversion (28.0%), and GA (7.4%).
Clinical outcomes
In the multivariable logistic regression, differences of functional independence among the groups were not statistically significant (P value = .12). In our cohort, patients with emergency conversion had higher odds of good outcome compared with those under GA (OR = 4.48; 95% CI, 0.49–40.89), but this effect was not statistically significant. Patients with emergency conversion had outcomes similar to those with local anesthesia (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.14–5.1) and CS (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.17–6.53).
In the subset analysis with time from symptom onset and collateral score, there was again no significant difference among the anesthesia groups (P value = .15). Again, emergency conversion had higher chances of functional independence than GA (OR = 14.34; 95% CI, 0.14–1448.78).
Blood Pressure during Intervention
In patients who underwent emergency conversion, an unwanted drop of blood pressure >25% of initial MAP occurred in 28.0% of patients, followed by GA (11.9%), CS (5.3%), and local anesthesia (2.1%). However, the occurrence of a drop of MAP was not significantly associated with functional independence in multivariable logistic regression (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 0.29–5.78).
DISCUSSION
During mechanical thrombectomy, patients are treated under either local anesthesia, CS, or GA. In this retrospective study, 1 in 10 patients required emergency conversion to GA at some point during the intervention. The main finding of this study is that emergency conversion did not delay the time from admission to reperfusion compared with primary GA, and emergency conversion did not cause deterioration of clinical outcome.
Both emergency conversion and primary GA resulted in a similar delay in the time from admission to flow restoration of 19–20 minutes compared with CS, and 27–28 minutes compared with local anesthesia. This result is in accordance with the times for primary GA induction reported in recently published randomized trials, which ranged from 10 to 27 minutes.11⇓–13 Emergency conversion is performed under suboptimal conditions in comparison with primary GA (intubation on the angiography table versus the premedication room). However, emergency conversion was not associated with a loss of time compared with primary GA. Furthermore, no complications were reported as a result of emergency conversion to GA.
In approximately three-quarters of all patients, thrombectomy was initiated with the patient under local anesthesia or CS. Of these, 13% required emergency conversion. This number is comparable with the results of the SIESTA trial (14.3%, 11 of 77 patients under CS converted to GA)11 and the AnStroke trial (15.6%, 7/45 patients),12 while the GOLIATH trial reported a smaller proportion of emergency conversion (6.3%, 4/63 patients).13 Emergency conversion seems to be a common phenomenon during mechanical thrombectomy. In our study, we could not identify a clear pattern of anesthesia medication preceding emergency conversion to GA. Approximately one-third of patients received only local anesthesia without sedation, one-third received propofol only, and the remaining third was sedated with either benzodiazepines or opioids.
The main reason reported for emergency conversion during thrombectomy was excessive patient movement/agitation (72.0%, 18/25 patients), while 4 patients exhibited neurologic deterioration. In the SIESTA trial, the main reason for emergency conversion was also severe agitation (63.6%, 7/11 patients).11 The AnStroke trial reported puncture of the common carotid artery as the main reason for conversion to GA (57.1%, 4/7 patients), while only 2 patients were intubated due to severe agitation.12
A drop of MAP during mechanical thrombectomy has been linked to unfavorable outcome.23 We found a higher proportion of an unwanted drop of MAP in patients under emergency conversion (28%), followed by GA (12%). However, in the multivariable analysis conducted for the present study, the occurrence of an unwanted drop of MAP was not significantly associated with an unfavorable outcome.
With regard to clinical outcome after emergency conversion, there are 2 scenarios: First, one could hypothesize that emergency conversion is especially harmful compared with primary GA due to the suboptimal conditions of GA induction (intubation in the angiography suite, less time for preparation, more frequent occurrence of a drop of blood pressure, and so forth.). In this case, all patients with even the slightest risk of emergency conversion, for example due to excessive movement on admission, should be intubated beforehand. Second, if emergency conversion is not especially harmful, one could initially perform local anesthesia/CS, even in these at-risk patients. To address this point, we compared all types of anesthesia in multivariable analysis for functional independence. Generally, we did not find any statistically significant differences between emergency conversion and the other types of anesthesia. We found a tendency toward higher chances of good clinical outcome after emergency conversion compared with primary GA, albeit it was not statistically significant. Therefore, CS-policy treatment centers should not hesitate to initiate treatment under local anesthesia/CS, even in patients at risk of emergency conversion.
The overall rate of successful perfusion in our patient cohort was similar to that in the HERMES meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials (71% versus 69% in our patient cohort).24 In our multivariable analysis, emergency conversion was not associated with decreased rates of successful reperfusion compared with GA. There was a tendency toward lower chances of successful reperfusion after emergency conversion compared with local anesthesia and CS. In the literature, the type of anesthesia seems to have little influence on the rate of successful reperfusion, as has been reported for CS and GA, both in a large meta-analysis of retrospective studies and in recent prospective trials.8,11⇓–13
In this single-center study, local anesthesia with or without CS was the method of choice. Primary GA was induced before thrombectomy only if necessary. Thus, patients with severe strokes more frequently received primary GA, as has been previously shown.25⇓–27 Observational studies on the type of anesthesia in mechanical thrombectomy are subject to selection bias because primary GA is typically induced in more severely affected patients.8 Indeed, in this study, patients with emergency conversion fell between patients with CS and GA in terms of stroke severity and possibly had selection bias as well. However, we controlled for both symptom severity, prestroke mRS, successful reperfusion, and location of occlusion in the multivariable analysis and additionally for time from symptom onset to reperfusion and collateral score in a subset analysis.
Compared with larger randomized trials, patients in our study showed lower rates of functional independence: The HERMES meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials24 reported functional independence in 46% of patients in the intervention group versus only 25% of patients in our cohort. This result is most likely because compared with the HERMES cohort, patients in our study were older (72 versus 68 years) and had lower ASPECTS at admission (median, 9 versus 7). Both factors were associated with poor outcome in the HERMES meta-analysis. Furthermore, a substantive proportion of our patients presented with prestroke mRS ≥ 2 (15%).
This study reflects cases from a single institution. Results could differ for emerging technical approaches of mechanical thrombectomy.28 Furthermore, as in other retrospective studies on the type of anesthesia used in mechanical thrombectomy, selection bias is possible. The number of patients in the emergency conversion group was comparatively small, resulting in large confidence intervals, especially in the subset analysis, and results may differ for larger and/or multicenter patient cohorts. In addition, the reasons for induction of primary GA were not reported. The decision to administer sedation in patients with CS or to convert a patient under CS to GA was based on clinical indications and made individually by the attending neurointerventionalist and/or anesthesiologist.
CONCLUSIONS
In comparison with primary GA, emergency conversion to GA did not result in prolonged time to flow restoration, and chances of successful reperfusion and functional independence were not decreased. We found no evidence supporting the primary induction of GA in patients at risk for emergency conversion.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Rosalie McDonough for reviewing the manuscript.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Annette Aigner—UNRELATED: Employment: University Medical Center Hamburg, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Bernhard-Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Roche Diagnostics, University of Salzburg, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes, Hamburger Fern-Hochschule, Universität Heidelberg. Götz Thomalla—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Acandis, Stryker; Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo. Jens Fiehler—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Acandis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerenovus, Covidien, Evasc Neurovascular, MD-Clinicals, Medtronic, Medina, MicroVention, Penumbra, Route 92 Medical, Stryker, Transverse Medical; Grants/Grants Pending: MicroVention, Medtronic, Stryker, Cerenovus.* Malte Issleib—UNRELATED: Employment: UKE–Center for Anasthesiology and Intensive Care. *Money paid to the institution.
References
- Received May 18, 2019.
- Accepted after revision October 1, 2019.
- © 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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