Neuroimaging in Pediatric Brain Tumors: Gd-DTPA–enhanced, Hemodynamic, and Diffusion MR Imaging Compared with MR Spectroscopic Imaging

References

1. ↵
   Fitz C. Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric brain tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1993;5:174–189
2. ↵
   Watanabe M, Tanaka R, Takeda N. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of cerebral gliomas. Neuroradiology 1992;34:463–469
3. ↵
   Nelson SC, Friedman HS, Hockenberger B, et al. False-positive MRI detection of recurrent or metastatic pediatric infratentorial tumors. Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:350–355
4. ↵
   Ashdown BC, Boyko OB, Uglietta JP, et al. Postradiation cerebellar necrosis mimicking tumor: MR appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993;17:124–126
5. ↵
   Tzika AA, Vajapeyam S, Barnes PD. Multivoxel proton MR spectroscopy and hemodynamic MR imaging of childhood brain tumors: preliminary observations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:203–218
6. ↵
   Wald LL, Nelson SJ, Day MR, et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of glioblastoma multiforme after brachytherapy. J Neurosurg 1997;87:525–534
7. ↵
   Kleihues P, Cavenee WK. WHO classification of tumors: pathology and genetics. Lyon, France: IARC;2000;314
8. ↵
   Burger P, Scheithauser B. Atlas of tumor pathology: tumors of the central nervous system. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology;1994
9. ↵
   Catalaa I, Henry R, Hanna M, Graves T, Nelson S, Vigneron D. Three-dimensional diffusion, perfusion and H1-spectroscopy measures in glioma. In: Proceedings of the International Society For Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 2000. Denver, Co: International Society For Magnetic Resonance In Medicine;2000;1114
10. ↵
    Robertson RL, Maier SE, Robson CD, Mulkern RV, Karas PM, Barnes PD. MR line scan diffusion imaging of the brain in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:419–425
11. ↵
    Preul MC, Caramanos Z, Collins DL, et al. Accurate, noninvasive diagnosis of human brain tumors by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Med 1996;2:323–325
12. ↵
    Zar J. Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ; Prentice Hall;1996
13. ↵
    Sijens PE, van Dijk P, Oudkerk M. Correlation between choline level and Gd-DTPA enhancement in patients with brain metastases of mammary carcinoma. Magn Reson Med 1994;32:549–555
14. ↵
    Sijens PE, Vecht CJ, Levendag PC, van Dijk P, Oudkerk M. Hydrogen magnetic resonance spectroscopy follow-up after radiation therapy of human brain cancer: unexpected inverse correlation between the changes in tumor choline level and post-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging contrast. Invest Radiol 1995;30:738–744
15. ↵
    Tedeschi G, Lundbom N, Raman R, et al. Increased choline signal coinciding with malignant degeneration of cerebral gliomas: a serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging study. J Neurosurg 1997;87:516–524
16. ↵
    Tzika AA, Vigneron DB, Ball WS Jr, Dunn RS, Kirks DR. Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993;3:719–729
17. ↵
    Tzika AA, Vigneron DB, Dunn RS, Nelson SJ, Ball WS Jr. Intracranial tumors in children: small single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy using short- and long-echo sequences. Neuroradiology 1996;38:254–263
18. ↵
    Byrd SE, Tomita T, Palka PS, Darling CF, Norfray JP, Fan J. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the evaluation of pediatric brain tumors, I: introduction to MRS. J Natl Med Assoc 1996;88:649–654
19. ↵
    Barker P, Breiter S, Soher B, et al. Quantitative proton spectroscopy of canine brain: in vivo and in vitro correlations. Magn Reson Med 1994;32:157–163
20. ↵
    Miller BL, Chang L, Booth R, et al. In vivo 1H MRS choline: correlation with in vitro chemistry/histology. Life Sci 1996;58:1929–1935
21. ↵
    Knopp EA, Cha S, Johnson G, et al. Glial neoplasms: dynamic contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 1999;211:791–798
22. ↵
    Cheng L, Anthony D, Comite A, Black P, Tzika A, Gonzalez R. Quantification of microheterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme with ex vivo high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurooncology 2000;2:87–95
23. ↵
    Negendank WG, Sauter R, Brown TR, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with glial tumors: a multicenter study. J Neurosurg 1996;84:449–458
24. ↵
    Shimizu H, Kumabe T, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T. Correlation between choline level measured by proton MR spectroscopy and Ki-67 labeling index in gliomas. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:659–665
25. ↵
    Sutton L, Wang Z, Gusnard D, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of pediatric brain tumors. Neurosurgery 1992;31:195–202
26. ↵
    Heesters MA, Kamman RL, Mooyaart EL, Go KG. Localized proton spectroscopy of inoperable brain gliomas: response to radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 1993;17:27–35
27. ↵
    Szigety SK, Allen PS, Huyser-Wierenga D, Urtasun RC. The effect of radiation on normal human CNS as detected by NMR spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;25:695–701
28. ↵
    Kizu O, Naruse S, Furuya S, et al. Application of proton chemical shift imaging in monitoring of gamma knife radiosurgery on brain tumors. Magn Reson Imaging 1998;16:197–204
29. ↵
    Richards T, Budinger TF. NMR imaging and spectroscopy of the mammalian central nervous system after heavy ion radiation. Radiat Res 1988;113:79–101
30. ↵
    Koutcher JA, Okunieff P, Neuringer L, Suit H, Brady T. Size dependent changes in tumor phosphate metabolism after radiation therapy as detected by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987;13:1851–1855
31. ↵
    Burger PC, Mahley MS Jr, Dudka L, Vogel FS. The morphologic effects of radiation administered therapeutically for intracranial gliomas: a postmortem study of 25 cases. Cancer 1979;44:1256–1272
32. ↵
    Duyn JH, Frank JA, Moonen CT. Incorporation of lactate measurement in multi-spin-echo proton spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 1995;33:101–107
33. Thomas MA, Ryner LN, Mehta MP, Turski PA, Sorenson JA. Localized 2D J-resolved 1H MR spectroscopy of human brain tumors in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996;6:453–459
34. ↵
    Yoshino E, Ohmori Y, Imahori Y, et al. Irradiation effects on the metabolism of metastatic brain tumors: analysis by positron emission tomography and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1996;66:240–259
35. ↵
    Barker PB, Glickson JD, Bryan RN. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1993;5:32–45
36. ↵
    Henriksen O. In vivo quantitation of metabolite concentrations in the brain by means of proton MRS. NMR Biomed 1995;8:139–148
37. Sijens PE, Levendag PC, Vecht CJ, van Dijk P, Oudkerk M. 1H MR spectroscopy detection of lipids and lactate in metastatic brain tumors. NMR Biomed 1996;9:65–71
38. ↵
    Slosman DO, Lazeyras F. Metabolic imaging in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Curr Opin Neurol 1996;9:429–435
39. ↵
    Tien RD, Lai PH, Smith JS, Lazeyras F. Single-voxel proton brain spectroscopy exam (PROBE/SV) in patients with primary brain tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167:201–209
40. Furuya S, Naruse S, Ide M, et al. Evaluation of metabolic heterogeneity in brain tumors using 1H-chemical shift imaging method. NMR Biomed 1997;10:25–30
41. Norfray JF, Tomita T, Byrd SE, Ross BD, Berger PA, Miller RS. Clinical impact of MR spectroscopy when MR imaging is indeterminate for pediatric brain tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:119–125
42. ↵
    Gaa J, Warach S, Wen P, Thangaraj V, Wielopolski P, Edelman RR. Noninvasive perfusion imaging of human brain tumors with EPISTAR. Eur Radiol 1996;6:518–522
43. ↵
    Tzika AA, Zurakowski D, Poussaint TY, et al. Proton magnetic spectroscopic imaging of the child’s brain: the response of tumors to treatment. Neuroradiology 2001;43:169–177
44. ↵
    Ott D, Hennig J, Ernst T. Human brain tumors: assessment with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1993;186:745–752
45. ↵
    Kuesel AC, Donnelly SM, Halliday W, Sutherland GR, Smith IC. Mobile lipids and metabolic heterogeneity of brain tumours as detectable by ex vivo 1H MR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed 1994;7:172–180
46. ↵
    Freitas I, Pontiggia P, Barni S, et al. Histochemical probes for the detection of hypoxic tumour cells. Anticancer Res 1990;10:613–622
47. ↵
    Hakumaki JM, Poptani H, Sandmair AM, Yla-Herttuala S, Kauppinen RA. 1H MRS detects polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation during gene therapy of glioma: implications for the in vivo detection of apoptosis. Nat Med 1999;5:1323–1327
48. ↵
    Aronen HJ, Gazit IE, Louis DN, et al. Cerebral blood volume maps of gliomas: comparison with tumor grade and histologic findings. Radiology 1994;191:41–51
49. ↵
    Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Kochi M, et al. Correlation of MR imaging-determined cerebral blood volume maps with histologic and angiographic determination of vascularity of gliomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1479–1486
50. ↵
    Negendank WG, Brown TR, Evelhoch JL, et al. Proceedings of a National Cancer Institute workshop: MR spectroscopy and tumor cell biology. Radiology 1992;185:875–883
51. ↵
    Brasch RC, Weinmann HJ, Wesbey GE. Contrast-enhanced NMR imaging: animal studies using gadolinium-DTPA complex. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984;142:625–630
52. ↵
    Cohen BH, Bury E, Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA. Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in childhood brain tumors. Neurology 1989;39:1178–1183
53. ↵
    Healy ME, Hesselink JR, Press GA, Middleton MS. Increased detection of intracranial metastases with intravenous Gd-DTPA. Radiology 1987;165:619–624
54. ↵
    Brix G, Semmler W, Port R, Schad LR, Layer G, Lorenz WJ. Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:621–628
55. ↵
    Rowley HA, Grant PE, Roberts TP. Diffusion MR imaging: theory and applications. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1999;9:343–361
56. Luby-Phelps K. Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area. Int Rev Cytol 2000;192:189–221
57. ↵
    Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B 1996;111:209–219
58. ↵
    Tsuchiya K, Hachiya J, Maehara T. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: comparison with contrast-enhanced study. Eur J Radiol 1999;31:165–169
59. ↵
    Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Kochi M, et al. Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9:53–60
60. ↵
    Zhao M, Pipe JG, Bonnett J, Evelhoch JL. Early detection of treatment response by diffusion-weighted 1H-NMR spectroscopy in a murine tumour in vivo. Br J Cancer 1996;73:61–64