Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular embolization of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms can be technically challenging, especially when the anatomy is complex. Stent reconstruction of the parent artery is commonly used to treat wide-neck and bifurcated aneurysms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the periprocedural and midterm morbidity and mortality results of this procedure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: SENAT is a consecutive, prospective, multicentric study. Patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms who underwent endovascular treatment with the Neuroform stent system were recruited and recorded. Technical outcomes and complications were also assessed. The midterm anatomic results were re-evaluated at 12–18 months.
RESULTS: A total of 113 stents were used to treat the 107 aneurysms in 107 patients. The mean width of the aneurysm sac was 6.2 mm, and the mean diameter of aneurysm neck was 4.5 mm. The complete occlusion rate postprocedure was 66.4%. The rate of progressive occlusion at 12–18 months was 14%, and the rate of recurrence was 9.7%. The rate of subsequent treatment was 4%. The thromboembolic rate in the periprocedural period was 3.7%, and the rate of delayed TE events was 3%. Overall, the mortality rate at 12–18 months was 1%, and the permanent morbidity rate was 1%.
CONCLUSIONS: Stent-assisted coiling with the Neuroform stent system provides a high level of occlusion with low rates of subsequent treatment despite a predominant population of patients with wide-neck aneurysms. Morbidity and thromboembolic rates were comparable to studies investigating stand-alone coiling.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- FU
- follow-up
- mRS
- modified Rankin Scale
- SAC
- stent-assisted coiling
- TE
- thromboembolic
- UIA
- unruptured intracranial aneurysm
- VER
- volume embolization ratio
Endovascular embolization of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms is technically challenging, especially when the anatomy is complex. Numerous devices have been developed to assist in the treatment of more complex aneurysms. Despite significant improvements in coil and balloon design,1 stent-assisted embolization of wide-neck and bifurcated aneurysms is widely used.2 The self-expanding Neuroform stent system (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, California) has been available since 2005. This open–cell mesh stent has a high degree of elasticity and deformability and was designed for the treatment of complex cerebral aneurysms. After approval by the US Food and Drug Administration, many studies have been reported investigating the safety of Neuroform-assisted coiling, and the technique is still under evaluation.3⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–13
SENAT is the first consecutive, prospective, multicentric study specifically designed to assess the Neuroform stent system in stent-assisted coiling. Patients with UIA who underwent endovascular treatment with the stent were recruited in 10 national institutions in Europe and their results recorded by means of a central data base. The main objective was to study the periprocedural and midterm morbidity and mortality rates. Technical results and complications were also reported. Second, the midterm angiographic results were re-evaluated at 12–18 months.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
An institutional review board approval was obtained in each investigating center. Between January 2008 and April 2010, a total of 107 patients harboring an UIA were included. Patients were older than 18 years and gave their consent for the study. A central on-line data base was used to collect data. Exclusion factors included dissecting and fusiform aneurysms, multiple aneurysms, and aneurysms associated with an AVM. The use of another stent other than the Neuroform system was also defined as an exclusion criterion. Patients lost to follow-up; pregnant patients; and patients with contraindications to heparin, clopidogrel, or aspirin were also excluded.
Endovascular Therapy Procedures
Each procedure was performed via a femoral approach with the patients under general anesthesia. All patients received an initial heparin bolus (70–100 UI/kg) followed by continuous infusion. Antiplatelet drugs were administrated according to each institution's protocol and under the direction and management of each participating investigator. The aneurysm and the parent vessel were investigated via 3D rotational angiography before stent placement.
All patients were treated with the Neuroform system only. Stents were chosen allowing for 5-mm coverage on either side of the aneurysm neck. A variety of coiling techniques were used. The first technique was to jail the microcatheter (jailing) between the stent and the vessel wall, the second technique involved inserting the microcatheter through the struts of the stent, and the third technique entailed placing the stent after coiling.
Clinical Evaluation
Clinical evaluations were performed before and after treatment, at hospital discharge, at 1 month after treatment, and at 12–18 month follow-up. The neurologic status and the mRS were compared with initial clinical status. Morbidity was defined as any worsening in comparison with the initial mRS.
Anatomic Evaluation
At the end of the procedure, working projections were used to classify the occlusion as complete occlusion, residual neck, or residual aneurysm according to the modified Montreal scale.14 At 12–18 months, the occlusion was compared with postprocedural results. Progressive occlusion was defined as any perceptible improvement from the initial results. Recurrence was classified as minor or major. Major recurrence was defined as requirement of subsequent treatment.
Complications
An adjudication committee (A. Biondi, A. Bonafé) reviewed adverse events. Complications were classified according to the time of the event and clinical consequences.
Statistical Analysis
Means, medians, and ranges were given for continuous variables. Morbidity and mortality rates were calculated from the date of the endovascular treatment.
Results
Patients and Clinical Presentation
Initially, 123 patients were included, from which 16 patients were later withdrawn from the data base: 8 because of protocol deviations and 8 because of stent placement in the acute phase of SAH. Among the 107 patients kept for analysis, 74 were women and 33 were men (mean age, 51.83 years; median, 52 years; age range, 23–77 years). Eighty–four (78.5%) presented with an initial mRS score of 0 (Table 1).
Modified Rankin Scale scores preprocedure for 107 unruptured aneurysms
Aneurysm Characteristics
Among the 107 aneurysms, 91.6% (n = 98) were wide-neck with a dome-to-neck ratio of <2. Mean aneurysm width was 6.21 mm (median, 5.5 mm; range, 2.5–20 mm), 52.3% of the aneurysms were <6 mm (n = 56), 38.3% ranged between 6 and 9.9 mm (n = 41), and 9.4% ranged between 10 and 24.9 mm (n = 10). Mean height of the sac was 5.77 mm (median, 5 mm; range, 1.9–16 mm). Mean diameter of the aneurysm neck was 4.55 mm (median, 4 mm; range, 2–15 mm).
The most common locations were the paraophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (28%), the middle cerebral artery (26.2%), and the posterior communicating artery (15%). Aneurysm locations are summarized in Table 2.
Aneurysm topography
Technical Results of the Procedure
A total of 113 Neuroform stents were used to treat 107 aneurysms in 107 patients. A total of 111 stents were implanted; 2 stents failed to be deployed in the parent artery. There were 101 aneurysms that were treated with 1 stent, and 2 stents were used to treat a single aneurysm in 6 cases. A total of 3 stents were placed for bailout/salvage purposes: 1 because of coil protrusion into the parent vessel, 1 to restore flow in an occluded vessel, and 1 after dissection of the parent artery after balloon remodeling.
Six technical failures (5.6%) were reported. Two cases of stent delivery failure were followed by successful implantation on a second attempt. Stent misplacement occurred twice and was managed in 1 instance by placement of a second stent (telescopic stent placement). Dislodgment of the stent into the aneurysmal sac resulting from inappropriate sizing was also reported once. In the last case of stent delivery failure, details were not available.
Antiplatelet Regimen
No antiplatelet medication protocol was specified in SENAT, as antiplatelet drugs were prescribed and administered at the discretion of the patient management team. Clopidogrel and aspirin regimens—before, during and after procedures—are summarized in Table 3.
Summary of the antiplatelet regimens for 107 patients
During the procedure, a loading dose of clopidogrel was administrated via a nasogastric tube in 29 patients and intravenous aspirin in 65 patients. After the treatment, dual antiplatelet medication was prescribed for a minimum period of 2 months in 90% of the patients. The mean duration was 13.6 weeks for clopidogrel (median, 12 weeks; range, 4–52 weeks) and 32.7 weeks for aspirin (median, 24 weeks; range, 6–100 weeks).
Anatomic Postprocedure Results
Acute anatomic results are summarized in Table 4.
Postprocedural anatomic results
Periprocedural Complications
The overall periprocedural rate of adverse events was 12.1% (13/107) (Figure). During the periprocedural period, 4 (3.7%) TE adverse events occurred: 1 in-stent thrombosis that remained asymptomatic after administration of abciximab (Reopro); and 1 TE complication that occurred before stent placement, which resulted in permanent disability (mRS score, 1) at hospital discharge. The other 2 TE events led to transient neurologic manifestations before hospital discharge. Regarding hemorrhagic complications, 1 large retroperitoneal hematoma was responsible for a secondary hemodynamic stroke (mRS score, 1 at discharge), and 1 perforation of the aneurysm sac occurred during first coil deployment without clinical consequence. Also, 5 limited groin hematomas were reported. In sum, the periprocedural morbidity rate was 1.9% (2/107).
Flow chart. Periprocedural complications.
Clinical Follow-Up at 1 Month
All 107 patients completed the 1-month clinical evaluation. The neurologic status was unchanged in 103 patients and was improved in 4 patients. The 2 patients in whom symptomatic periprocedural complications developed had made a complete recovery (mRS score, 0), and 2 patients without periprocedural complications clinically improved after aneurysm occlusion (mRS score, 0).
Transient neurologic manifestations after treatment of a large carotid aneurysm, most likely secondary to brain stem compression, led to urgent subsequent treatment with internal carotid occlusion. Within the first month, no additional morbidity related to the stent or coils was reported (0/107).
Delayed Complications at 12–18 Months
During the follow-up period of 12–18 months, 100 patients were available for evaluation. Neurologic status was unchanged in 94 patients, improved in 4 patients, and deteriorated in 1 patient; 1 patient had died. The permanent 12–18–month morbidity rate was 1% (1/100), and the mortality rate was 1% (1/100) from an unrelated cause (pneumonia).
Delayed complications were reported in 5 patients (5%). An ICA asymptomatic dissection was observed on the 12–18–month angiogram, and 3 delayed TE adverse events (3%) were reported. In the first patient, an ischemic lesion was observed 7 months after embolization of an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm, which coincided with the discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy. This patient was rated as having an mRS score of 1 at the 12–18–month follow-up. In the second patient, a left ICA transient ischemic attack occurred 13 months after the initial procedure. In the third patient, a transient amaurosis was reported 1 year after the procedure. No aneurysm bleeding was observed during the follow-up period.
Anatomic Results at 12–18 Months
Anatomic evaluation was available for 93 patients: 70 were investigated by DSA, 21 by means of MRA, and 2 by CTA. Progressive occlusion occurred in 13 patients (14%), and aneurysm recurrence was observed in 9 patients (9.7%) (Table 5). Complete occlusion was obtained in 69 (74.2%) of 93 patients at 12–18 months compared with 63 (67.7%) of 93 patients in the postoperative evaluation. Residual neck recurrence decreased from 17 of 93 patients (18.3%) to 11 patients (11.8%).
Cross-table results of postprocedural occlusion and occlusion at 12–18 months
Subsequent Treatment of Aneurysms
Among the 13 residual aneurysms, 4 were re-treated by additional coiling before the end of the first year of follow-up. The overall rate of subsequent treatment was 4.3% (4/93).
Discussion
SENAT is the first prospective, consecutive, multicentric study of the Neuroform stent. As in previous monocentric studies3⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–13, this study underlines a high technical success rate and suggests a lower aneurysm recurrence rate at midterm follow-up. Nevertheless, slight discrepancies were observed and are discussed below.
Our study confirms the high rate of successful deployment of the Neuroform stent at first attempt (94.4% [101/107]). Several studies report a high rate of primary technical success ranging from 66%–100%, whereas difficulties in stent placement are reported in the literature to be between 0% and 34%.3⇓⇓⇓⇓–8,11⇓–13,15⇓⇓–18 In SENAT, the observed failure rate is reasonably low (5.6% [6/107]). This wide range of success may be explained by the ongoing development of the Neuroform device between 2003 and 2007 and the variable learning curve between interventionalist teams during this period.
It is interesting to note that the mean size of the aneurysms in SENAT (6.21 mm) is lower than in previous studies3,6⇓–8,11,12 (mean range, 8–10 mm). This trend most likely reflects more common use of this technique, which was initially reserved for wide-neck aneurysms. Compared with conventional coiling,14,19,20 stent-assisted coiling2,20,21 tends to reduce the aneurysm recurrence rate and the need for subsequent treatment. The Neuroform stent may also promote progressive thrombosis2,20,22,23 and offers a scaffolding for reconstruction of the intimal layer of the parent artery at the aneurysm neck. In SENAT, progressive occlusion of UIAs was observed in 14%, whereas previous Neuroform studies have demonstrated progressive occlusion rates ranging between 50% and 56.8%.2,7,11 However, what needs to be considered is the smaller aneurysm size in SENAT contributing to the higher initial occlusion rate. Subsequently, one may also explain the lower progressive thrombosis after stent placement in SENAT. This can also be explained by the distribution of aneurysms in this study. Complex anatomic location such as MCA bifurcation or paraophthalmic aneurysms accounted for 54.2% of cases and outnumbered more favorable sites. Otherwise, the final occlusion rate was similar to previous studies.5,9,17
The influence of initial packing attenuation for SAC also needs to be explored. Murayama et al19 demonstrated that recurrence rates of coiled aneurysms are highly dependent on neck size. In treated aneurysms ranging from 4–10 mm with a neck of >4 mm, the rate of recurrence reported was roughly 20%. In comparison, in SENAT, the overall recurrence rate was 9.7% with a major recurrence rate of 4.3%, requiring subsequent treatment. This recurrence rate is comparable with other Neuroform-assisted coiling studies.2,24,25 The SENAT re-treatment rate is also comparable with the HELPS26 and Cerecyte27 multicenter trials (3% and 4%, respectively) and is lower than previous studies such as the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial28 and Matrix and Platinum Science–clinical trial29 (17% and 10%, respectively).
Some studies2,20,21,23 have suggested that stent placement improves the anatomic result, based on synergistic biologic, mechanic, and hemodynamic effects of the stent.2 The stent induces a tissue reaction and provides a matrix for endothelial growth leading to the formation of fibrous connective tissue over the stent struts.30 Coiling with the assistance of a stent, however, does not always result in denser packing compared with stand-alone coiling secondary to the lack of control of the kickback of the microcatheter. Nevertheless, the use of SAC may allow lower target VER. The mechanism of delayed occlusion with the Neuroform stent and coiling may be also attributed to a hemodynamic effect31 via flow modification within the aneurysm.22,31 Indeed, the high porosity and the design of the struts of the Neuroform stent seem to promote an environment with a high oscillatory shear that thrombus formation prefers.31 Cantón et al22 showed that placing a Neuroform stent across the neck of a bifurcation aneurysm may reduce the magnitude of the velocity of the jet entering the sac by as much as 11%. Therefore, one can consider that the stent's porosity may also be enhancing treatment durability.2
In SENAT, the overall periprocedural complication rate (12.1%), which includes symptomatic and asymptomatic events, was in accordance with other previously published studies3,5⇓–7,11,16 ranging from 9.4%–25%. The occurrence of periprocedural thromboembolic events was low (3.7%) and compares favorably with the literature (4.5%–21%).5,8,32 As shown by Lessne et al, 33 the thromboembolic rates for ruptured aneurysms and UIAs, treated by stent-assisted coiling, are very different (20% and 3.1%, respectively). This wide range could be explained by the lack of standardized antiplatelet regimen among centers. Recently, a case series of 284 patients harboring 302 aneurysms treated by stent-assisted coiling with the Neuroform stent reported an 8.8% incidence of ischemic strokes.34
The delayed thromboembolic event rate in SENAT (3%) is similar to previous studies5,11,25,33 ranging between 3.5% and 6.6%. Among the 3 patients in SENAT, 1 case was concomitant to the cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy after stent placement. In the absence of firm current guidelines, the lack of a consolidated antiplatelet regimen did not permit a consensus on the length of antiplatelet therapy. Nevertheless, the reasonably low periprocedural and delayed thrombotic adverse event rate supports the use of double antiplatelet therapy for at least 2 months after treatment. Routine aggregometry tests are now available to assist in the identification and management of the varying response patients have to clopidogrel and aspirin.35
Permanent neurologic morbidity (1.9%) and mortality (0%) rates in the periprocedural period are low and are similar to previously reported Neuroform-assisted coiling series with a range of 2.9% and 11% for morbidity3,11,16,17 and 0% and 3.1% for mortality.3,6,16,17 In SENAT, the morbidity and mortality in the periprocedural period at 1 month (0% and 0%) and at 12–18 months (1% and 1%), were low and were comparable to the major coiling series of UIA in the literature. A recent meta-analysis published by Naggara et al36 showed a morbidity rate of 4.8% and a mortality rate of 1.2%. In the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm,37 the morbidity rate was 9.1% and the mortality rate was 2%. Major population-based studies38⇓⇓⇓–42 regarding coiling of UIAs found morbidity rates ranging between 6.6% and 10.6% and mortality rates ranging between 0.4% and 1.7%. Alshekhlee et al43 and Brinjikji et al44,45 recently reported lower rates of morbidity (3.6% and 4.9%) and mortality (0.6% and 0.6%). Despite differing study designs and definitions of morbidity, SENAT demonstrated that the use of Neuroform in stent-assisted coiling of cerebral UIAs is acceptable and comparable.
The Neuroform is a self-expanding nitinol stent with a low radial force, and delayed in-stent stenosis is a well-recognized complication. Inflammation and cellular proliferation responses occur within 1 month after stent placement, followed by matrix production during the subsequent 5 months.46 These changes may explain delayed in-stent stenosis. In large series,23 most are asymptomatic. In SENAT, 3 cases (3%) of in-stent stenosis were reported, but all were nonsignificant and clinically silent. This rate was slightly lower compared with the studies by Fiorella et al47 and Yoon and Kim48 (5.8% and 7.8%, respectively).
Regarding hemorrhagic complications, no intracranial hemorrhagic complication occurred, but 5 inguinal hematomas and 1 large retroperitoneal hematoma were reported. Nevertheless, dual antiplatelet therapy is mandatory, providing significantly greater inhibition of platelet activity. On the contrary, this dual therapy unavoidably increases the risk of bleeding.49
Conclusions
SENAT is the first prospective, consecutive, multicentric study on the Neuroform stent system. Stent-assisted coiling achieves high levels of occlusion with low rates of subsequent treatment compared with stand-alone coiling, despite a more difficult-to-treat population of patients with wide-neck aneurysms. SAC of UIA does not increase procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates. The rate of thromboembolic events was also similar compared with major stand-alone coiling studies.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Marinette Moynier, PhD, for her assistance.
Appendix
Centers and investigators participating in this study were the following: CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France; Alain Bonafé, CHU La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Alessandra Biondi, Nader Sourour, Betty Jean, CHU Lariboisière, Paris, France; Emmanuel Houdart, Jean–Pierre Saint Maurice, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France; Jacques Moret, Laurent Spelle, Michel Piotin, Raphael Blanc, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France; Xavier Barreau, Jérôme Berge, CHU de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, France; Patrick Courthéoux, CHU Roger Salengro, Lille, France; Xavier Leclerc, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Charbel Mounayer, CHU G. & R. Laënnec, Nantes, France; Hubert Desal, CHU Saint–Roch, Nice, France; Yves Chau, Jacques Sedat.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Alessandra Biondi—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: France Stryker, Comments: I am PI of the SENAT study with Dr. A. Bonafé; UNRELATED: Consultancy: I am a consultant for Stryker. Alain Bonafé—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: Stryker; Support for Travel to Meetings for the Study or Other Purposes: Stryker; UNRELATED: Consultancy: Stryker; Payment for Lectures (including service on speaker bureaus): Stryker. Vincent Costalat—UNRELATED: Travel/Accommodations/Meeting Expenses Unrelated to Activities Listed: Stryker. Michel Piotin—UNRELATED: Consultancy: ARTEI,* Comments: ARTEI is a nonlucrative association for the promotion of academic work in the field of neuroradiology; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: ARTEI. (*Money paid to institution.)
Grant support: Boston Scientific/Stryker, Fremont, California.
Principal Investigators of the SENAT Study: Prof. Alessandra Biondi and Prof. Alain Bonafé
A. Biondi, A. Bonafé, and V.C. contributed to the design of the study. J.C.G., A.B., K.L., and V.C. performed analysis and interpretation of data. J.C.G., K.L., A. Bonafé, and V.C. drafted or revised the article for important intellectual content. A. Biondi, A. Bonafé, M.P., and C.M. enrolled most of the patients in this study.
REFERENCES
- Received June 7, 2012.
- Accepted after revision August 13, 2012.
- © 2013 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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