Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumefactive demyelinating lesions with atypical features can mimic high-grade gliomas on conventional imaging sequences. The aim of this study was to assess the role of conventional imaging, DTI metrics (p:q tensor decomposition), and DSC perfusion in differentiating tumefactive demyelinating lesions and high-grade gliomas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with tumefactive demyelinating lesions and 21 patients with high-grade gliomas underwent brain MR imaging with conventional, DTI, and DSC perfusion imaging. Imaging sequences were assessed for differentiation of the lesions. DTI metrics in the enhancing areas and perilesional hyperintensity were obtained by ROI analysis, and the relative CBV values in enhancing areas were calculated on DSC perfusion imaging.
RESULTS: Conventional imaging sequences had a sensitivity of 80.9% and specificity of 57.1% in differentiating high-grade gliomas (P = .049) from tumefactive demyelinating lesions. DTI metrics (p:q tensor decomposition) and DSC perfusion demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean values of ADC, the isotropic component of the diffusion tensor, the anisotropic component of the diffusion tensor, the total magnitude of the diffusion tensor, and rCBV among enhancing portions in tumefactive demyelinating lesions and high-grade gliomas (P ≤ .02), with the highest specificity for ADC, the anisotropic component of the diffusion tensor, and relative CBV (92.9%). Mean fractional anisotropy values showed no significant statistical difference between tumefactive demyelinating lesions and high-grade gliomas. The combination of DTI and DSC parameters improved the diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.901). Addition of a heterogeneous enhancement pattern to DTI and DSC parameters improved it further (area under the curve = 0.966). The sensitivity increased from 71.4% to 85.7% after the addition of the enhancement pattern.
CONCLUSIONS: DTI and DSC perfusion add profoundly to conventional imaging in differentiating tumefactive demyelinating lesions and high-grade gliomas. The combination of DTI metrics and DSC perfusion markedly improved diagnostic accuracy.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- AUC
- area under curve
- FA
- fractional anisotropy
- HGG
- high-grade glioma
- L
- total magnitude of diffusion tensor
- NAWM
- normal-appearing white matter
- p
- isotropic component of diffusion tensor
- q
- anisotropic component of diffusion tensor
- rCBV
- relative cerebral blood volume
- ROC
- receiver operating characteristic
- SI
- signal intensity
- TDL
- tumefactive demyelinating lesion
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) are demyelinating lesions of >2 cm and can mimic high-grade gliomas (HGGs) on conventional MR imaging.1 Classic conventional and advanced imaging findings may not be present in all cases.2⇓–4 Because TDLs can be mistaken for gliomas on histopathology, demonstration of the intact axonal process and myelin breakdown products within macrophages is confirmative of demyelination.5⇓–7 This diagnostic dilemma might lead to a biopsy, an inadvertent operation, and even radiation therapy, which eventually can exacerbate demyelination.
Diffusion tensor imaging is a noninvasive method for analyzing the architectural integrity and orientation of axons in white matter. The eigenvalues can be used to calculate various scalar measures of DTI metrics such as ADC, fractional anisotropy (FA), the isotropic component of the diffusion tensor (p), the anisotropic component of the diffusion tensor (q), and the total magnitude of the diffusion tensor (L).8⇓–10 The most commonly used DTI parameters include ADC (ie, the magnitude of diffusion independent of tissue orientation) and FA (ie, anisotropic diffusion against the total magnitude of diffusion). Less often used measures include total magnitude of diffusion tensor (L) and its isotropic (p) and anisotropic (q) components.
The use of FA as a sole measure of anisotropic diffusion can be fallacious because it varies with changes in the anisotropic component and the total magnitude of diffusion.9,10 The utility of DTI parameters (ie, FA, p, q, and L) has been evaluated in the differentiation of various brain tumors.11⇓–13 Toh et al14 evaluated the role of FA in differentiating TDL from HGG by using DTI. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies available evaluating the role of p, qd , and L in differentiating TDL and HGG.
Dynamic-susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging allows evaluation of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), a marker of neoangiogenesis, and aids in the differentiation of low- and high-grade gliomas.15,16 TDLs usually have decreased rCBV values due to the absence of neovascular proliferation, which allows differentiation of TDL from HGG.17 However, TDL can also present with elevated rCBV values and mimic HGG on DSC perfusion, making differentiation difficult.4
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of conventional imaging, diffusion tensor metrics (ADC, FA, p, q, and L), and DSC perfusion (rCBV) in differentiating TDL and HGG. We also assessed the effect of combining imaging parameters—DTI and DSC perfusion imaging—on diagnostic accuracy.
Materials and Methods
Study Participants
The institutional ethics committee of Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India, approved this retrospective study. The study group included 14 consecutive patients with TDL and 21 consecutive patients with biopsy-proved HGG (ie, World Health Organization grade III and IV tumors) with contrast-enhancing lesions, from January 2011 to December 2015. The diagnosis of TDL was confirmed by either histopathology, CSF analysis, and/or resolution on posttherapy follow-up, as detailed in On-line Table 1. The patients with nonenhancing lesions, those without prior imaging/suboptimal quality or nonavailability of DTI/DSC perfusion data, and those started on therapy or having undergone a previous brain biopsy at the time of the index clinical MR imaging were excluded.
Image Acquisition
All subjects underwent MR imaging (ie, DTI and DSC perfusion) with conventional sequences (T1, T2, FLAIR, and postcontrast T1-weighted images) on a 1.5T scanner (Avanto Tim; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The clinical imaging protocol of DTI and DSC perfusion imaging is described in On-line Table 2.
Image Analysis
Conventional Imaging.
Two blinded neuroradiologists (B.T. and C.K. with >15 years' experience) evaluated the conventional imaging sequences. The images were assessed for various imaging characteristics: size range (2–5 cm, >5 cm); T1 signal intensity (SI) as isointense, hypointense, or heterogeneous in relation to normal white matter; T2 sequences for intralesional hyper-/heterogeneous SI; the presence or absence of a hypointense rim; perilesional hyperintensity (mild, 1 cm; moderate, 1–3 cm; and severe, >3 cm); postcontrast enhancement (solid, uniform enhancement; ringlike, open/complete/incomplete enhancement of the rim; and heterogeneous, diffuse/patchy, or punctate areas); and mass effect (mild sulcal effacement; moderate, uncal/falcine herniation of <1 cm; and severe herniation of >1 cm). By imaging features, patients were then grouped into TDL and HGG categories. Interrater differences were resolved through consensus.
DTI Analysis.
Data of patients were postprocessed with the Neuro 3D application on a syngo workstation (Siemens). The DTI maps were reviewed alongside FLAIR and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Multiple ROIs (3–5) of 4–10 mm2 were then placed on the hyperintense zone on trace images corresponding to enhancing areas on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images to obtain the mean eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, λ3), as shown in On-line Fig 1. The ROIs were drawn manually in consensus by 2 senior residents (S.B.H. and A.M.). The central nonenhancing areas were not evaluated in the study. The averages of the multiple eigenvalues were used to calculate the diffusion metrics (ie, ADC, FA, p, q, and L) in the enhancing areas. The same procedure was repeated in perilesional FLAIR hyperintense areas beyond enhancing margins and contralateral normal-appearing white matter (NAWM).
DSC Perfusion Imaging.
T2* DSC perfusion imaging data were postprocessed with motion correction by using the perfusion application on the syngo workstation. Postprocessing algorithms were not applied for leakage correction. Circular ROIs were placed on areas of maximum CBV within the lesion and contralateral NAWM as shown in On-line Fig 1. The normal vessels and necrotic areas were avoided during placement of ROIs. The rCBV values were calculated as the ratio of maximum CBV within the lesion to the CBV in the contralateral NAWM.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis of all datasets was performed with SPSS, Version 22 (IBM, Armonk, New York). We used the Student t test and χ2 test, respectively, to compare age and sex distributions between TDL and HGG. The χ2 test was used to assess the significance of imaging findings on conventional imaging. A 2 × 2 contingency table was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of conventional imaging sequences to diagnose HGG. The Cohen κ coefficient was used for interrater agreement of various imaging findings.
Comparisons between diffusion metrics in enhancing, perilesional hyperintense areas and the rCBV between TDL and HGG for statistical significance were performed by using 1-way ANOVA. A P value < .05 indicated a statistically significant difference. When the statistical difference was significant, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) and to calculate the cutoff levels. The highest sum of sensitivity and specificity was considered to establish cutoff values in differentiating TDL and HGG. Finally, combined ROCs were obtained with DTI and DSC parameters and a combination of DTI, DSC parameters, and a heterogeneous enhancement pattern.
Results
Age and Sex Distribution
The Student t test and χ2 analysis were not significant for the differences in age groups (TDL versus HGG; mean age, 37.5 ± 16.6 years versus 45.6 ± 15.1 years; P = .508) and sex distribution (P = .342) between TDL and HGG.
Conventional Imaging Sequences
The results of conventional imaging analysis and interrater reliability are given in Table 1 and On-line Table 3. The lesion size, intralesional T2 SI, mass effect, and perilesional hyperintensity failed to show statistical significance. T1 SI, T2 hypointense rim, and enhancement pattern showed statistical significance with P < .05. Conventional imaging sequences had a sensitivity of 80.9% (95% CI, 57.4%–93.7%), a specificity of 57.1% (95% CI, 29.6%–81.1%), a positive predictive value of 73.9% (95% CI, 51.3%–88.9%), and a negative predictive value of 66.6% (95% CI, 35.4%–88.7%) with P = .049 in diagnosing HGG. The interrater reliability ranged from 0.68 for edema and T1 SI to 0.95 for lesion size.
Analysis of conventional imaging sequences
Diffusion Metrics and Perfusion Analysis
The mean values of ADC, FA, p, q, L, and rCBV and results of 1-way ANOVA for the enhancing, perilesional hyperintense areas and the contralateral NAWM of TDL and HGG are detailed in Table 2. Examples of conventional imaging, DTI eigen maps, and DSC perfusion of TDL and HGG used in the study are shown in On-line Figs 2, 3, and 4. The mean values of p, L, and ADC of the enhancing portions of both TDL and HGG were variably higher; q was lower, compared with contralateral NAWM (Table 3 and Fig 1). The mean values of ADC, p, q, and L demonstrated a significant statistical difference between enhancing portions in TDL and HGG (P ≤ .02).
Summary of results, mean ± SD
ROC curve results on sensitivity and specificity to differentiate high-grade gliomas and TDLs
The boxplots for DTI metrics with statistical significance: p (A), q (B), L (C), and ADC (D) values of the enhancing areas and normal-appearing white matter in TDL and HGG, respectively.
The mean FA values were lower in both TDL and HGG compared with NAWM and showed no statistically significant difference (P = .34) between enhancing portions in TDL (0.21 ± 0.06) and HGG (0.23 ± 0.06).
All the mean values of DTI metrics except q were higher in perilesional hyperintensity compared with NAWM and showed no statistically significant difference between TDL and HGG. The mean values of rCBV were higher in HGG compared with tumefactive demyelination (P < .01).
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis
The ROC curve analysis for ADC, p, q, L, and rCBV values between TDL and high-grade gliomas is shown in Fig 2. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the same are detailed in Table 3. The AUC of ROC analysis was fair for ADC, p, and L (0.70–0.80) and good for q (>0.80) in differentiating between them.18 The sensitivity was highest for L; the specificity was highest for ADC, q, and rCBV, with diagnostic accuracy being highest for q (AUC = 0.823). When the DTI measurements were combined with rCBV, significant improvement was made in the AUC (0.901) with the sum of sensitivity and specificity of 164.3%. Addition of heterogeneous enhancement pattern to DTI and DSC parameters improved diagnostic accuracy, AUC (0.966) and sensitivity (85.7%).
ROC curve for the diffusion tensor metrics: rCBV, combined ROC of DTI metrics and DSC perfusion, and combined ROC of enhancement pattern with DTI metrics and DSC perfusion.
Discussion
The present study analyzes the role of conventional imaging, diffusion metrics, and p:q tensor decomposition in differentiating TDL and HGG, along with rCBV values.
Conventional Imaging
Among the imaging features, T1 SI, the presence of T2 hypointense rim, and enhancement pattern showed statistical significance. TDLs were mostly hypointense (78.6%), and HGGs were commonly hypointense (52.4%), followed by heterogeneous SI (32.4%) on T1-weighted images. No similar studies are available for comparison between T1 SI in TDL and HGG, to our knowledge. The higher incidence of heterogeneous SI in HGG could be attributed to intralesional hemorrhage. We report a higher incidence of a T2 hypointense rim in TDLs than in HGGs. A heterogeneous enhancement was seen in almost all patients with HGG, and ring enhancement, in 50% of patients with TDL, in line with results of Lucchinetti et al.19 The conventional imaging sequences showed high sensitivity with low specificity, which can be attributed to atypical findings in TDL, such as large size, nodular ring, or heterogeneous enhancement and significant mass effect with edema.
DTI Metrics in Enhancing and Perilesional Hyperintense Areas
This study shows an increase in mean ADC and p with a decrease in q in both TDL and HGG compared with contralateral NAWM. The magnitude of total diffusion is increased compared with contralateral NAWM in TDL and HGG. Mabray et al20 reported a significant reduction in minimum ADC values in HGG, attributing it to high tumor cellularity. However, the mean ADC values in HGG were similar to those in our study.
The enhancing rim comprises cellular areas with interspersed necrosis and microvascular proliferation. Hence, we used the average of mean DTI values, which are more representative of lesional heterogeneity because the minimum diffusion values depict only the cellular areas of the lesion.
FA values showed no statistically significant difference between TDL and HGG in the present study. The variations in DTI metrics in the nonenhancing center were not analyzed as in Saini et al21; however, there was no statistical difference in mean diffusivity of the enhancing areas (P = .21) and NAWM (P = .09) in both the studies. The DTI metrics showed no statistically significant difference in perilesional hyperintense areas between TDL and HGG.
Pathologic Basis for Changes in DTI Metrics
On histopathology, the active TDL shows abundant inflammatory infiltrates comprising lymphocytes, activated macrophages, and some plasma cells, with near-total myelin loss and macrophages containing remnants of phagocytosed myelin and axons.6,22 The extent of axonal loss ranges from 20% to 80%, with pronounced reduction in the active stage, with an average decrease of 30%.23,24 TDL also shows disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to inflammatory infiltrates with postgadolinium enhancement. HGG is characterized by hyperchromatic nuclei, irregularly distributed neoplastic astrocytes, atypical mitotic figures with necrosis, and microvascular proliferation.7
The mean ADC values were higher due to an increase in interstitial water in TDL and HGG compared with NAWM. However, the ADC in enhancing areas was lower in TDL than in HGG. Similar high ADC values in HGG were reported by Murakami et al,25 which could be attributed to increased microvascular proliferation and interspersed areas of necrosis in highly cellular heterogeneously enhancing rim. Likewise, a reduction in ADC in TDL could be due to accentuated inflammatory infiltrates and microglial proliferation, contributing to the reduced free motion of water. The mean values of p were more reduced in TDL than in HGG as expected; this difference was attributable to changes in cellularity. The mean value of q was also decreased in TDL compared with HGG. The integrity of myelin is a major determinant of anisotropy; hence, changes in q can be attributed to near-complete myelin loss, which usually occurs more often in TDL than in HGG. Because L is the sum of isotropic and anisotropic components of diffusion, a decrease in both p and q leads to a decrease in L within the enhancing areas of the lesion. The results of our study show that diffusion metrics (ie, ADC, p, q, and L) are reliable biomarkers for differentiating TDL and HGG, with q being the single best marker.
Many studies reported decreased mean FA values in enhancing areas compared with NAWM in TDL and HGG, with significant variability.11⇓⇓–14,26⇓–28 The reduction in mean FA values is due to axonal degeneration and reactive glial proliferation in TDL and tissue destruction, infiltration, and displacement of adjacent white matter by tumor cells in HGG. Hence, the mean values of FA are determined by the balance between factors causing decreased anisotropy, such as tissue destruction and increased anisotropy, such as increased cellularity (ie, FA varies as a function of the ratio of q and L, FA = 
). Hence, we prefer p:q tensor decomposition to ADC and FA measurements alone for assessing microstructural alterations.
DSC Perfusion
In our study, the mean rCBV in TDL was 2.11 ± 1.12, similar to findings of Blasel et al,4 who reported high rCBV with a mean of 2.89 ± 1.79 and maximum of 6.74 in TDL compared with previous studies with rCBV < 2.18,29 The high rCBV in TDL is possibly due to angiogenesis and vasodilation in both acute and chronic demyelinating plaques, which contribute to disease progression.6,30⇓⇓–33 The mean value of rCBV in HGG in our study was 3.77 ± 1.65, which is similar to that in previous studies.34
ADC, q, and rCBV values showed the highest specificity (92.9% each) in differentiating these lesions in the present study. The combination of DTI and DSC parameters significantly improved the AUC (0.901), with increased AUC (0.966) and sensitivity (85.7%) after the addition of a heterogeneous enhancement pattern to DTI and DSC parameters. Due to significant variability in ADC and FA values, we prefer p:q tensor decomposition and a combination of DTI metrics and DSC perfusion because they might contribute significantly toward differentiating TDL and HGG.
The potential directions of future research could be toward development of a clinical workstation–based application for quantitative DTI analysis. A recent study has suggested the possibility of predicting grades of meningiomas by ADC values derived from a clinical workstation.35 Future studies could evaluate the feasibility of automated segmentation of lesions and computer-aided diagnosis by using DTI parameters and other variables included in our study.
The present study has a few limitations. A relatively small number of subjects with enhancing lesions were included in this retrospective study, accounting for the possible inflation in predictive values. A prospective study with a larger population should address the matter. Second, we did not have histopathologic confirmation in all TDLs. Third, the absence of leakage correction in DSC perfusion could lead to spurious high rCBV values. However, rCBV values of TDL and HGG in our study were similar to those in previous studies. Fourth, study results might be biased due to manual placement of ROIs, which affects all such ROI-based studies. Finally, further studies with minimum or maximum values of diffusion in the enhancing areas are needed to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of pathologic changes in both of these lesions.
Conclusions
Diffusion tensor imaging is a noninvasive method of evaluating myelin and axonal integrity. TDLs are large demyelinating lesions that can mimic HGGs on conventional imaging and can show higher rCBV values. Evaluation of ADC, p, q, and L may be helpful in differentiating TDLs from HGG in such cases. The combination of diffusion tensor metrics and DSC perfusion can significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy and might improve treatment planning by avoiding the need for an invasive biopsy.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Tirur Raman Kapilamoorthy—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: GE Healthcare,* Comments: research project grant. Bejoy Thomas—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: GE Healthcare,* Comments: research project grant; Patents (Planned, Pending, or Issued): Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology,* Comments: intramural project, Indian patent application filed. *Money paid to the institution.
REFERENCES
- Received June 22, 2016.
- Accepted after revision December 4, 2016.
- © 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
