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Research ArticleADULT BRAIN
Open Access

Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Brain Structure and Cognitive Function: African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND

C.T. Whitlow, K.M. Sink, J. Divers, S.C. Smith, J. Xu, N.D. Palmer, C.E. Hugenschmidt, J.D. Williamson, D.W. Bowden, B.I. Freedman and J.A. Maldjian
American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2015, 36 (9) 1648-1653; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4321
C.T. Whitlow
aFrom the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
bAdvanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
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K.M. Sink
dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (K.M.S., C.E.H., J.D.W.)
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J. Divers
eDivision of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D.)
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S.C. Smith
fDepartment of Biochemistry (S.C.S., J.X., N.D.P., D.W.B.)
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J. Xu
fDepartment of Biochemistry (S.C.S., J.X., N.D.P., D.W.B.)
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N.D. Palmer
fDepartment of Biochemistry (S.C.S., J.X., N.D.P., D.W.B.)
gCenter for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (N.D.P., D.W.B., B.I.F.)
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C.E. Hugenschmidt
dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (K.M.S., C.E.H., J.D.W.)
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J.D. Williamson
dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (K.M.S., C.E.H., J.D.W.)
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D.W. Bowden
fDepartment of Biochemistry (S.C.S., J.X., N.D.P., D.W.B.)
gCenter for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (N.D.P., D.W.B., B.I.F.)
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B.I. Freedman
gCenter for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (N.D.P., D.W.B., B.I.F.)
hDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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J.A. Maldjian
aFrom the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
bAdvanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering (C.T.W., J.A.M.)
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

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    Table 1:

    Demographic and laboratory results in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND participants (N = 263)

    VariableMeanSD
    Age (yr)60.49.6
    Duration of diabetes (yr)14.38.9
    Age of diabetes diagnosis (yr)46.011.0
    Body mass index (kg/m2)34.17.9
    Glucose (mg/dL)147.560.3
    HbA1c (%)8.22.1
    LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)109.137.7
    HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)47.211.9
    Triglycerides (mg/dL)115.772.3
    Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)131.218.6
    Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)75.410.8
    Thyroid stimulating hormone (μIU/mL)2.01.6
    Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)690.0417.3
    • Note:—LDL indicates low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

    • View popup
    Table 2:

    Group characteristics in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND (N = 263)

    VariableNo. (% of Total Cohort)
    Female165 (62.7%)
    Hypertension87 (33.1%)
    Insulin use108 (41.1%)
    Lipid medication93 (54.7%)
    Smoking
        Never117 (44.7%)
        Former91 (34.7%)
        Current54 (20.6%)
    Education
        Less than a high school diploma27 (10.3%)
        High school diploma76 (28.9%)
        Some college or a college diploma115 (43.7%)
        Graduate education45 (17.1%)
    • View popup
    Table 3:

    MRI and cognitive function measures in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND

    VariableMeanSDNo.
    MRI results
        GM volume, unadjusted (mL)732.257.7263
        GM/ICV (%)a43.32.8263
        WM volume, unadjusted (mL)629.646.7263
        WM/ICV (%)a37.32.3263
        WM lesion volume (mL)7.914.7263
    Cognitive function measures
        3MSE (score, 0–100)84.69.0256
        MoCA (score, 0–30)19.93.9261
        RAVLT (score, 0–75)38.09.0263
        DSC (score, 0–133)48.115.9262
        VFA15.74.6262
        Stroop errors3.46.3258
        Stroop interference (seconds; trial 3 to trial 2)31.616.1256
        CESD8.05.3262
        BSI-Anxiety4.94.5262
    • Note:—ICV indicates intracranial volume; 3 MSE, modified MMSE; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BSI-Anxiety, Brief Symptom Inventory.

    • ↵a Whole-brain measures adjusted for total ICV.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 36 (9)
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C.T. Whitlow, K.M. Sink, J. Divers, S.C. Smith, J. Xu, N.D. Palmer, C.E. Hugenschmidt, J.D. Williamson, D.W. Bowden, B.I. Freedman, J.A. Maldjian
Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Brain Structure and Cognitive Function: African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND
American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2015, 36 (9) 1648-1653; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4321

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Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Brain Structure and Cognitive Function: African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND
C.T. Whitlow, K.M. Sink, J. Divers, S.C. Smith, J. Xu, N.D. Palmer, C.E. Hugenschmidt, J.D. Williamson, D.W. Bowden, B.I. Freedman, J.A. Maldjian
American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2015, 36 (9) 1648-1653; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4321
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